Preparation of alkyl levulinates from biomass-derived 5-(halomethyl)furfural (X = Cl, Br), furfuryl alcohol, and angelica lactone using silica-supported perchloric acid as a heterogeneous acid catalyst

Chemical valorisation of biomass derived furanics and carboxylic acids over niobium-based catalysts

“…The only two literature studies of fully inorganic SiO x based acid catalysts tested for the AnL/ethanol reaction concerned perchloric acid supported on silica gel (HClO 4 -SiO 2 ) and H-beta-14.5 (entries 3, 4, Table S7 †). 87,88 Although HClO 4 -SiO 2 led to a high EL yield of 91% at 90 °C/2 h, the catalyst stability was not reported. 88 On the other hand, H-Beta-14.5 (initial cat : AnL mass ratio = 0.4; [AnL] 0 = 0.28 M, entry 4) led to 10% EL yield and 22% total yield of LA plus pseudoLA, at 95% conversion, 110 °C/1.5 h. 87 For comparison, SiNb42 was tested at 110 °C using (more demanding) lower catalyst load and higher initial concentration of AnL (cat : AnL mass ratio = 0.28, [AnL] 0 = 0.35 M), and led to superior results (58% EL yield and 34% total yield of LA plus pseudoLA, at 96% conversion, reached within 1 h).…”

Catalytic Transformation of Carbohydrates into Renewable Organic Chemicals by Revering the Principles of Green Chemistry

“…However, the process involves more synthetic steps, and FAL is sourced from less abundant carbohydrates. Since an acid catalyst typically promotes the transformation mentioned above, it is possible to develop catalysts that work well for all the feedstocks …”

Recent Advances in the Value Addition of Biomass‐Derived Levulinic Acid: A Review Focusing on its Chemical Reactivity Patterns

“…For example, the alcoholysis of AGLs produces alkyl levulinates. [135,136] The preparation of alkyl levulinates from AGLs is irreversible since water is not formed as a byproduct, unlike the Fischer esterification of LA. The olefin group in AGL can be catalytically hydrogenated to form GVL, having a wide spectrum of applications (elaborated in the next section).…”

“…AGL has been demonstrated as a renewable chemical building block for the synthesis of fuels and specialty chemicals. For example, the alcoholysis of AGLs produces alkyl levulinates [135,136] . The preparation of alkyl levulinates from AGLs is irreversible since water is not formed as a byproduct, unlike the Fischer esterification of LA.…”