Preparation of Alpinia galangaStem Based Activated Carbon via Single-step Microwave Irradiation for Cationic Dye Removal

Abstract

The focal point of this study is to synthesis Alpinia galanga Stem-based activated carbon (AGSAC) by using single-step microwave irradiation and testing it for the removal of cationic dye, methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. AGSAC was prepared under the flow of carbon dioxide (CO2) for the gasification effect. The factors of contact time (from 0 to 24 h) and initial concentration (25-300 mg/L) on the adsorption performance of AGSAC were studied. With the aid of response surface methodology (RSM) via face-centered composite design (FCD), optimum preparation conditions for AGSAC were found to be 400 W for radiation power and 4 min for activation time, respectively, which resulted in 95.67% of MB dye removal. The optimized AGSAC has a Bruneaur-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area of 172.19 m2/g, mesopore surface area of 103.32 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.1077 cm3/g, and fixed carbon content of 47.63%. The pore diameter of AGSAC was found to be a mesoporous type with a pore diameter of 2.50 nm. Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order were found as the best-fitted model for MB adsorption equilibrium and kinetic respectively onto prepared AGSAC. Intraparticle diffusion was found to be the rate-limiting step.

Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Leaf Sheath Date Palm Fibers by Microwave-Assisted Phosphoric Acid Activation for Efficient Dye Adsorption

“…Table lists the elemental and proximate values for LSD and LSDAC. The fixed carbon percentage for LSD was 19.92%, and this percentage was considered to be relatively high and equivalent to that of other biomass reported. ,, High fixed carbon is a good characteristic of an AC precursor, as the matrices in the AC’s structures are made up of fixed carbon. Microwave heating applied in this study succeeded in reducing moisture and volatile matter from 11.92 to 4.26% and from 66.27 to 22.13%, respectively, which subsequently increased fixed carbon tremendously to 69.86%.…”

“…However, two decades ago, AC was struggling with the issue of high production costs due to the usage of the nonrenewable precursors coal, lignite, and petroleum coke . Alternatively, researchers have been actively producing AC from agricultural wastes such as Gelidiella acerosa seaweed, durian peel, peanut shell, coconut shell, biomass sludge, and alpinia galanga stem . Date palm ( Pheonix dactylifera L .)…”

“…8 Alternatively, researchers have been actively producing AC from agricultural wastes such as Gelidiella acerosa seaweed, 11 durian peel, 8 peanut shell, 23 coconut shell, 21 biomass sludge, 24 and alpinia galanga stem. 25 Date palm ( Pheonix dactylifera L .) is a native tree of the Middle East and North African countries, which contribute 88.90% (7,267,316 tons) of the global date fruit production.…”

Conversion of a mixture of date palm wastes to mesoporous activated carbon for efficient dye adsorption

“…Among the technologies developed to solve the dye wastewater problem, adsorption processes using activated carbon (AC) have produced the best results owing to the following advantages: (i) they are versatile in adsorbing different types of pollutants such as dyes (Ahmad et al 2017, heavy metals (Yusop et al 2022b), phenolic compounds (Aldawsari et al 2020), and pesticides (Aziz et al 2021) (ii) they can be derived from renewable agricultural wastes, namely, durian peel (Yusop et al 2021), Alpinia galanga stem (Ahammad et al 2021), and acacia sawdust (Yusop et al 2017); (iii) they have a relatively simple design and process (Shahbazi et al 2020); and (iv) they are economically feasible.…”

Single‐Stage Optimized Microwave‐Induced Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell for Cadmium Adsorption

“…Besides being simple in design, another supremacy of AC is its versatility in treating wide ranges of pollutants, namely, dyes [4][5][6], heavy metals [7], pesticides [8], antibiotic [9], and many more. For the past two decades, researchers are more interested to use agrowaste as AC precursor such as acacia sawdust [4] pomegranate peel [10], peanut shell [11], and Alpinia galanga stem [12]. This is because agrowaste can be obtained in a large quantity and they can be activated using a microwave oven.…”