Preparation of avermectin microcapsules with anti-photodegradation and slow-release by the assembly of lignin derivatives

Abstract

A facile, environmentally friendly, and low-cost strategy for affording stability and the slow-release of avermectin based on self-assembly of lignin derivatives is described.

A Facile Approach to Increasing the Foliage Retention of Pesticides Based on Coating with a Tannic Acid/Fe3+ Complex

“…Polyphenols have exhibited good resistance to UV radiation and to photothermal effects [46], and, for these reasons, are typically used as sunscreens in various cosmetics. Prior work has also demonstrated that the encapsulation of Av is an effective way to improve photostability [15,47]. In the present work, the formation of TA/Fe 3+ films on the Av particles was predicted to partly shield these granules from UV light, and this is confirmed by the photodegradation results presented in Figure 4.…”

Spherical lignin particles: a review on their sustainability and applications

“…70 Thus far, the particles have been used for entrapment and adsorption of many different active substances, as reviewed, 17 and their release properties have provided indirect information of the packing and porosity of the particles. 9,10,72,73 In general, the accumulated results indicate that LNPs from the solvent-exchange method are penetrable to water, which explains a rather rapid release of water-soluble small molecules, 9,10 while bulkier compounds are released at lower rates. 72,73…”

Lignin for Nano‐ and Microscaled Carrier Systems: Applications, Trends, and Challenges

“…As could be expected from this mechanism, most of the substances entrapped in LNPs are low‐molecular‐weight compounds with low water solubility (Figure ). Pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, microbicides) constitute the largest class of compounds that were entrapped. Commercial interest in lignin‐based carriers is at least partly due to the well‐suited intrinsic properties of lignin as a polyphenol.…”

“…Entrapment efficiencies (EE [%]) were reported to vary broadly from 4 % to >95 % depending on the carrier formation process, the lignin carrier morphology, and the type of entrapped active ingredient (Table ). Typical loading capacities (LC) were less than 20 wt %, with a few exceptions of higher concentrations . However, methods used to analyze the LC and EE have not been standardized for lignin particles.…”

“…Two recent publications developed alternative lignin‐based carriers for avermectin. Entrapment in alkylated LS microcapsules protected avermectin from UV irradiation and additionally retarded its release in aqueous ethanol …”