Preparation of Binary and Ternary Oxides by Molten Salt Method and Its Electrochemical Properties

Reddy, M. V.; Theng, L. Pei; Soh, Hulbert; Beichen, Zhang; Jiahuan, Fan; Yu, Chengjun; Ling, A. Yen; Andreea, Lee Yann Tsyr; Ng, Chi Huey; Tao, Liang; Ian, M. F.; An, Hyosung; Ramanathan, K.; Kevin, C; Daryl, T. Y. W.; Tang, Hao; Loh, Kian Ping; Chowdari, B. V. R.

doi:10.1142/9789814415040_0032

Cited by 3 publications

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“…Additional recent references on the Li cycling of anatase TiO 2 are by Serventi et al and Xu et al, porous and dense TiO 2 nanospheres by Wang et al, mesoporous rods by Jiang, TiO 2 nanotubes by Ryu et al, TiO 2 nanotubes by Panda et al, Ortiz et al, Gonzalez et al, Han et al, and Li et al, TiO 2 @carbon nanofibers by Yang et al, mesoporous carbon TiO 2 composites by Chang et al, TiO 2 graphene composites by Qiu et al, Cao et al, Tao et al, and Shah et al, porous single crystal TiO 2 by Zhang et al, Sn-doped TiO 2 nanotubes by Kyeremateng et al, amorphous TiO 2 nanotubes by Xiong et al, Ni/TiO 2 nanowires by Wang et al, oxygen-deficient TiO 2−δ nanoparticles via hydrogen reduction by Shin et al, nanostructured TiO 2 by Xiao et al and Hong et al, (N,F)-co-doped TiO 2 by Cherian et al., Cu-doped TiO 2 by Barreca et al, 10 mol % M-doped TiO 2 (M = Mn, Sn, Zr, V, Fe, and (Ni, Nb)) by molten salt at 410 °C for 2 h in air reported by Reddy et al, kinetics of lithated TiO 2 by Belak et al, and defect chemistry and surface structures using atomistic simulation technique by the group of Islam …”

Section: Anodes Based On LI Intercalation–deintercalation Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and Zhong et al, CuO fibers by Sahai et al, CuO/TiO 2 composite thin films by Barreca et al, CuO/CNT composites by Ko et al, and CuO/graphene composites by Mai et al, Zhou et al, Wang, , Qi et al, and Guo et al (Table ). Very recently, Reddy et al , reported Li cycling studies on CuO micrometer/nanoflake walls prepared using molten salt synthesis in the temperature range 410–950 °C. The reversible capacity at the end of the 40th cycle is 236, 250, 620, 551, and 432 mA·h g –1 , respectively, at a current rate of 60 mA g –1 in the voltage range 0.005–3.0 V for the samples prepared at 410, 510, 750, 850, and 950 °C (Table ).…”

Section: Anodes Based On Conversion (Redox) Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

2013

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cyclability. In addition, as can be expected, the techniques and methodology of nanotechnology have been employed to prepare many simple and complex compounds, including oxides, and have been studied for Li cycling via various mechanisms. As a result of the research on alternative anodes for LIBs, the materials chemistry and electrochemistry of these materials have been enhanced and enriched very significantly during the past decade. 1.6. Scope of the Review and NomenclatureMetal-containing compounds in the form of oxides and oxysalts, such as, oxyfluorides, oxyhydroxide, phosphates, carbonates, and oxalates, are discussed in this review. These include bulk (micrometer-size) particles, nanosize particles, or agglomerates with various morphologies, thin films, and carbon, CNT, or graphene/metal oxide composites. The latter may contain electrochemically -active or −inactive additives. Metalcontaining compounds in the form of fluorides, 147,148 sulfides, 148 selenides, 136 nitrides, 148−151 phosphides 136,148 and antimonides 136 are omitted, even though good amount of work is available in the literature.As mentioned earlier, several review articles have appeared over the years, summarizing the situation. While there are only nine reviews 6,7,115,152−157 prior to 2006, there are more than 40 articles in the last 5 years that directly or indirectly described and discussed Li storage and cycling of oxide and oxide-related materials, in the form of Feature articles, Accounts, Perspectives, and Mini-and regular reviews. Many of these are listed in the references. 8,73,102,136,146,148,158−199 In brief, discussions were made on layered vanadium oxides by Cavana et al., 165 molybdenum oxides by Cavana et al. 165 and Ellefson et al., 200 TiO 2 -based nanostructures and their composite oxides by

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Section: Anodes Based On LI Intercalation–deintercalation Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Anodes Based On Conversion (Redox) Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

2013

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“…The remarkable high rate performance has been attributed to the fact that the formation of irreversible phases from deep bulk discharge can be avoided at high charge/discharge rates. Good results have also been obtained with TiO 2 prepared by the molten salt method (MSM) [308,309]. In particular, nanosized particles obtained by urea-treated MSM delivered a reversible capacity of 250 mAh g À1 , and showed a 94 % capacity retention after 60 cycles [309].…”

Section: Anatase Tiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Good results have also been obtained with TiO 2 prepared by the molten salt method (MSM) [308,309]. In particular, nanosized particles obtained by urea-treated MSM delivered a reversible capacity of 250 mAh g À1 , and showed a 94 % capacity retention after 60 cycles [309]. Anatase TiO 2 hollow microspheres (400 nm in diameter) with the shell consisting of nanotubes (ca.…”

Section: Anatase Tiomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries

et al. 2016

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Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) have made considerable progress since the first commercial one by Sony in 1991, which had LiCoO 2 and graphite as active elements of the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The LiBs are now the primary energy storage devices in the transportation and communications, from portable use in computers, up to electric and hybrid vehicles. More recently, they have also been used as back-up supply units, frequency regulators (load leveling) to integrate on smart grids the electricity produced by windmills and photovoltaic plants (for a recent review, see [1]). These applications require high energy densities, high power, and safety among others. Considerable efforts have been made to propose other electrodes to fulfill these requirements. We have recently reviewed the works and progress concerning the materials for the positive electrode [2][3][4][5][6]. The present work is devoted to the materials for the negative electrode counterpart. It is common to use the terminology anode and cathode for the negative and positive electrodes, respectively, although the electrodes play alternatively the role of anode and cathode during the charge and discharge process. We shall use this terminology in the following for conciseness purposes only.An ideal active anode element should fulfill the following requirements as follows: (1) It must be light and accommodate as much Li as possible to optimize the gravimetric capacity. (2) Its redox potential with respect to Li 0 /Li + must be as small as possible at any Li-concentration. The reason is that this potential is subtracted to the redox potential of the cathode material to give the overall voltage of the cell, and smaller voltage means smaller energy density. (3) It must possess good electronic and ionic conductivities since faster motion of the lithium ions and the electrons also mean higher power density of the cell. (4) It must not be soluble in the solvents of the electrolyte and not react with the lithium salt. (5) It must be safe, i.e. avoid any thermal runaway of the battery, a criterion that is not independent of the previous one, but deserves special attention, especially for use in transportation such as electric vehicles and planes. (6) It must be cheap and environmentally friendly. The different materials proposed as anode elements for Li-ion batteries must be discussed with respect to these different criteria.The graphite is still the most used anode material and is still the reference. The first works giving evidence of the insertion of lithium in graphite date from 1955 [7], confirmed by the synthesis of LiC 6 in 1965 [8]. The synthesis of LiC 6 , however, was not obtained by electrochemical process at that time. Another decade was spent before Besenhard and Eichinger discovered the reversible intercalation of lithium in graphite, proposing this material as an anode in 1976 [9,10]. Increasing the Li content in LiC 6 is possible [8], but no reversible cycling beyond LiC 6 could ever be obtained. The graphite anode can thus be cyc...

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Advances in Molten Salt Synthesis of Non‐oxide Materials

Song

Che

et al. 2022

Energy & Environ Materials

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The properties of non‐oxide materials are continuously revealed, and their applications in the fields of ceramics, energy, and catalysis are increasingly extensive. Regardless of the traditional binary materials or the MAX phases, the preparation methods, which are environmentally friendly, efficient, economical, and easy to scale‐up, have always been the focus of attention. Molten salt synthesis has demonstrated unparalleled advantages in achieving non‐oxide materials. In addition, with the development of the process in molten salt synthesis, it also shows great potential in scale‐up production. In this review, the recent progress of molten salt synthesis in the preparation of binary non‐oxide and MAX phase is reviewed, as well as some novel processes. The reaction mechanisms and the influence of synthetic conditions for certain materials are discussed in detail. The paper is finalized with the discussion of the application prospect and future research trends of molten salt synthesis in non‐oxide materials.

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Preparation of Binary and Ternary Oxides by Molten Salt Method and Its Electrochemical Properties

Cited by 3 publications

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Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries

Advances in Molten Salt Synthesis of Non‐oxide Materials

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