Preparation of bio-eco based cellulose nanomaterials from used disposal paper cups through citric acid hydrolysis

Nagarajan, K.; Balaji, A.; Rajan, S Thanga Kasi; Ramanujam, N. R.

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115997

Cited by 62 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Cocos nucifera var aurantiaca peduncle 0.7 wt% NaClO 2 with acidic solution 100 120 [15] 10 Waste disposal cup 0.7 wt% NaClO 2 with acidic acid buffer 100 120 [1] 11 Ramie 5 (wt/vol) % sodium chlorite with acidic solution 70 120 [41] cutting of microfibrils. In the strong acid hydrolysis process, the hydronium ions are penetrated the aromatic and amorphous regions of the cellulosic chain which causes the hydrolytic cleavage of glycosidic bonds and yielding the individual cellulose crystallites after sonication treatment as shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: Preparation Methods Of Cncsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1,68] The results of acid hydrolysis show that there is a visibility of rod-like structured CNCs in the range of 13.7 ± 0.6 nm (width) and 480.5 ± 30 nm (length), the thermal stability (308 0 C) and final thermal degradation temperature (350 0 C) of the CNCs (76 wt%) is higher than that of a mineral acid hydrolyzed. [1] The organic acid hydrolysis methods are more ecofriendly when compared to classic mineral acid hydrolysis. Because the organic acids can be recycled and the equipment used for the processing has lesser corrosion with those organic acids.…”

Section: Organic Acid Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the SCNCs have relatively low-thermal stability due to the presence of sulfate group on the surface. [1] Further, the neutralization of SCNCs with NaOH helps in regaining or improving the thermal stability of CNCs obtained through sulfuric acid hydrolysis. [45,54,55]…”

Section: Sulfuric Acid Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These demands have provoked the investigators and scientists to develop eco-friendly green materials from various sources like nonpetroleum-based substances, biodegradable cellulosic fibers from plants, and recyclable cellulosic-based waste materials. [1] The industries have also now stepped forward toward utilizing the bio-eco-based materials in their various applications. [2,3] In this regard, cellulose is found to be the most abundant bio-based green polymer and is also considered as the most influential green material for the entire human race.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A comprehensive review on cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers: Pretreatment, preparation, and characterization

Nagarajan¹,

Ramanujam²,

Sanjay

et al. 2021

Polymer Composites

213

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Crafting ecological materials from green resources is posing a significant challenge for the researchers and scientists around the globe and has resulted in the development of nanocellulose materials, which has paved the way for enriching the basic knowledge and many opportunities on developing biobased materials. This has augmented the utilization of carbohydrate-based organic materials and successfully replacing conventional nonrenewable materials. Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) belonging to the newer emerging field of nanomaterials are finding increasing interest among the investigators owing to their environmentally sustainable characteristics like biodegradability, biocompatibility, and potential availability in abundance at a cheaper price. The present review article intends to provide a detailed insight about the advancements and various challenges postured in the field of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The article further discusses about different cellulose fiber extraction sources and their methods, purification processes employed, various sample preparation and drying techniques used for CNCs and CNFs. The article also outlines the various characterization methods practiced for scrutinizing CNCs and CNFs when used in polymer matrix composites. Finally, the benefits of using the CNMs in several potential applications such as paper, oil and gas industries, food packaging and structural sectors, conductive ink and water purification areas, medical and printed electronic fields are highlighted in this extensively reviewed article.

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Section: Preparation Methods Of Cncsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Organic Acid Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sulfuric Acid Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A comprehensive review on cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers: Pretreatment, preparation, and characterization

Nagarajan¹,

Ramanujam²,

Sanjay

et al. 2021

Polymer Composites

213

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition, this lignin-containing nanocellulose (L-MFC) could be used as a reinforcement in a polymer matrix with an enhanced compatibility to petroleum-based polymers, allowing better barrier properties of the composite material [ 12 , 13 ]. The use of nanocellulose has been explored in diverse applications, such as paper, paperboard, packaging, medical products, paints, and food additives [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Evaluation of Lignin-Containing Nanocellulose

et al. 2020

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The increasing importance of environmental sustainability has led to the development of new materials that are environmentally friendly, functional, and cost-effective. Lignin-containing cellulose nanomaterials are a common example of these. The advantages of lignocelluloses include their renewability, sustainability, and functionality combined with molecular rigidity and enhanced hydrophobicity. In order to valorize these beneficial traits from lignin-containing nanocellulose, various approaches have been examined in industrial applications. However, the safety of these materials has not been tested or validated in humans. In this study, we tested 21 wt% lignin-containing nanocellulose (L-MFC) in vitro using the human lung and kidney cell lines, H460 and HEK293 cells, respectively. The cytotoxicity of cellulose, L-MFC, and lignin was compared using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt assays. In addition, the gene expressions of HSP70 and HSP90 as cellular stress markers treated with cellulose, L-MFC, and lignin were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. Our data indicated little cytotoxicity for cellulose and significant cytotoxicity for lignin and a relatively low level of cytotoxicity for L-MFC, providing the lethal median concentration (LC50) values of L-MFC and lignin. The gene expression of HSP70 and HSP90 was little affected by moderate concentrations of L-MFC. Interestingly, the lignin contained in L-MFC influenced the cell viability and the gene expression of HSP70 and HSP90 less than the same amount of lignin alone. These results indicate that L-MFC displays cell-type-dependent sensitivity and suggest that L-MFC could serve as a new eco-friendly material that is relatively safe for humans.

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New poly(lactic acid) composites produced from coffee beverage wastes

Gama

Ferreira

Evtuguin

2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this study, aiming to reduce the environmental impact of plastics, new composite materials containing recycled fibers from used paper coffee cups and oil extracted from spent coffee grounds (SCG) were produced. Accordingly, the cellulose fibers were chemically modified using lactic acid to be used as poly(lactic acid) filler reinforcement. The obtained results revealed that its addition improved the mechanical properties of the ensuing composites. The addition of 30% wt/wt of unmodified and modified fibers increased the Young modulus by 53% and 72%, respectively. In addition, enhanced biodegradability was obtained due to higher water absorption (up to 4% wt/wt). In parallel, coffee oil was used as a plasticizer and the affinity between the plasticizer and polymer matrix was confirmed by the lack of phase separation, by the improved flexibility of derived materials (the addition of 40% wt/wt of plasticizer increased the elongation at break by 86%) and by the better processability of the ensuing materials (the addition of 30% wt/wt of plasticizer increased the MFI by 205%). Overall, the results suggest that the use of modified cellulose fibers and the addition of SCG oil‐based plasticizer can be promising routes to produce eco‐friendly plastics.

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Preparation of bio-eco based cellulose nanomaterials from used disposal paper cups through citric acid hydrolysis

Cited by 62 publications

References 38 publications

A comprehensive review on cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers: Pretreatment, preparation, and characterization

A comprehensive review on cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibers: Pretreatment, preparation, and characterization

In Vitro Evaluation of Lignin-Containing Nanocellulose

New poly(lactic acid) composites produced from coffee beverage wastes

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