Preparation of cationic cotton with two-bath pad-bake process and its application in salt-free dyeing

Salt-free reactive dyeing of the cotton fabric modified with chitosan-poly(propylene imine) dendrimer hybrid

“…Theoretically, increasing temperature and time can increase the CS-PPI content on the cotton during the grafting process [19,20]. Figure 3(b) showed that the reaction was undesirable at low temperatures.…”

Cotton fabric modification through ceric (IV) ion-initiated graft copolymerisation of 2-methacryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride to enhance the fixation of reactive dyes

“…The microstructure and strength properties of cotton fabrics may be affected upon modification (Wang et al 2009;Kitkulnumchai et al 2008). In our study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mechanical strength testing were performed to examine the properties of the modified cotton.…”

“…Because of the increasing preference for reactive dyes for dyeing cotton fibres, the associated environmental problems have been extensively investigated (Blackburn and Burkinshaw 2002). Reactive dye-contaminated wastewater is also difficult to treat because this type of wastewater contains not only hydrolysed dyes, which account for 30-40 % of the applied dyes, but also large amounts (30-100 g/l) of inorganic salts, such as sodium sulphate or sodium chloride (Wang et al 2009). Inorganic salts are required for dye exhaustion because cotton exhibits moderate affinity to most reactive dyes.…”

Salt-free reactive dyeing of cotton hosiery fabrics by exhaust application of cationic agent

“…Among those efforts, the most promising method to reduce salt consumption in reactive dyeing process is to chemically modify cotton by introducing cationic sites on the fibre using cationic agents, thereby increasing the substantivity and reactivity of fibres towards reactive dyes (Fang, Zhang, & Sun, 2013;Micheal, Tera, & Ibrahim, 2002;Tarbuk, Grancaric, & Leskovac, 2014;Wang, Ma, Zhang, Teng, & Yang, 2009;Zheng, Yuan, Wang, & Sun, 2012). Several researchers have investigated the effect of cationization on the colour strength, dyeing and fastness properties of cotton fabric dyed with reactive dyes using various cationic agents and these cationic agents can be grouped into a polymer, non-polymer based agents and commercial agents such as polyamide-epichlorohydrin type of polymers, dendritic polymers, biopolymers like chitosan, starch & their derivatives, keratin hydrolysate and chicken feather, poly-(4-vinylpyridine) quaternary ammonium compounds, glycidyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride (Glytac), epichlorohydrin based quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorotriazine type quaternary compounds, choline chloride, Nmethylolacrylamide, N,N'-dimethylazetidinium chloride, 2,4-dichloro-6-(2-pyridino-ethylamino)-s-triazine (Ali, Saleem, Umbreen, & Hussain, 2009;Arivithamani, Agnes Mary, Senthil Kumar, & Giri Dev, 2014;Chattopadhyay, 2001;Kim and Choi, 2014;Kitkulnumchai, Ajavakom, & Sukwattanasinitt, 2008;Pal, Mal, & Singh, 2005;Shin and Yoo, 1997;Tutak, 2011;Wang and Liu, 2014).…”