“…Therefore, the development of active, stable, and low-cost catalyst systems for efficient hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is highly requisite . So far, most of the industrial HDS catalyst systems have been based on MoS 2 either supported or promoted with other active metals such as nickel (Ni) or cobalt (Co), widely noted as NiMoS and CoMoS phases. − The HDS catalytic mechanism using these hybrid catalysts was widely investigated by using classical-phase models, that is, active-phase model and remote-control model (RC). , According to phase-decoration model, the higher activity for the Ni- or Co-promoted MoS 2 catalyst is ascribed due to the realization of active Co–Mo–S and Ni–Mo–S phases . Nevertheless, the existence of such active phases was not directly identified and considered to be vulnerable at higher temperature, which is detrimental to the final catalytic activity .…”