Preparation of geranium oil formulations effective for control of phenotypic resistant cattle tick Rhipicephalus annulatus

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the acaricidal activity of two forms of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) (PG). These two forms were the P. graveolens essential oil nanoemulsion (PGN), and the PG in combination with the sesame oil (SO), PGSO). These forms were first evaluated in vitro for their adulticidal, ovicidal, and larvicidal activities against the different stages of acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus annulatus (Say). Geranium nanoemulsion was prepared and then characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and zeta droplet size measurement. The results revealed that LC50 of the PG against the adult ticks was attained at concentration of 7.53% while it was decreased to 1.91% and 5.60% for PGSO and PGN, respectively. Also, the LC50 of PGN and PGSO were reached at concentrations of 1.688 and 0.944%, respectively against the larvae while the LC50 of the PG was reached at concentration of 3.435% for. The combination of PGN with PG exhibited non-significant ovicidal effect meanwhile PGSO showed significant ovicidal effect even at the low concentration (2.5%). The PGSO and PGN formulations were applied in a field trial to control the ticks of the naturally infested cattle. PGSO and PGN significantly reduced the tick burden to 74.83% and 87.97%, respectively at 3 weeks post-application with performance better than the deltamethrin (29.88%). In conclusion, the two PG forms can be used as suitable alternatives to control R. annulatus tick and they need further modifications for effective field application.

An investigation of the acaricidal activity of benzyl alcohol on Rhipicephalus annulatus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus and its synergistic or antagonistic interaction with commonly used acaricides

“…In the field study, BA combined with deltamethrin reduced R. annulatus tick count by 30.6% as compared with deltamethrin alone (4.7%) after 14 days PT. This finding agreed with previous studies in the same area that confirmed deltamethrin's inadequacy in tick control (Arafa et al, 2021; Ibrahium et al, 2022). Deltamethrin was shown to be insufficient against R. microplus in India, according to Stuti and Chhotey (2011).…”

“…In the field study, BA combined with deltamethrin reduced the same area that confirmed deltamethrin's inadequacy in tick control (Arafa et al, 2021;Ibrahium et al, 2022). Deltamethrin was shown to be insufficient against R. microplus in India, according to Stuti andChhotey (2011).…”

“…Throughout the trial, the treated animals were monitored to look for any aberrant changes. The calculation of treatment efficacy was estimated as follows: where TC pre is the mean number of live ticks on cattle before the treatment and TC post the mean number of live ticks on cattle after the treatment (Ibrahium et al, 2022). The percentage of tick reduction and treatment efficacy in the BA‐treated group was compared with the same values in the deltamethrin and water‐treated groups (Holdsworth et al, 2005).…”

“…where TC pre is the mean number of live ticks on cattle before the treatment and TC post the mean number of live ticks on cattle after the treatment (Ibrahium et al, 2022). The percentage of tick reduction and treatment efficacy in the BA-treated group was compared with the same values in the deltamethrin and water-treated groups (Holdsworth et al, 2005).…”

Cell Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial, and Mosquitocidal Activity of Prepared Cinnamon Oil Formulations

“…Additionally, an 8:2 binary mixture of sesame oil and clove oil had synergistic effects against adult Callosobruchus maculatus (Soe et al, 2019). In a recent study conducted by Ibrahium et al (2022), sesame oil and geranium oil possess synergistic effect in controlling cattle ticks.…”