Preparation of hydrophilic polymer‐grafted polystyrene beads for hydrophilic interaction chromatography via surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization

Abstract

A one-step procedure based on surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) to hydrophilize monodisperse poly(chloromethylstyrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads has been presented in this work, using 2-hydroxyl-3-[4-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]propyl 2-methylacrylate (HTMA) as a monomer. The chain length of the grafted poly(HTMA) was controlled via varying the ratio of HTMA to initiator on the surface of the beads. When using the grafted beads as a stationary phase in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), good resolution for nucleobases/nucleosides was obtained with acetonitrile aqueous solution as an eluent; while for phenolic acids and glycosides, they could be eluted and separated in the presence of TFA. The retention time of the solutes increased with the amount of the grafted HTMA. The retention mechanisms of solutes were investigated by the effects of mobile phase composition and buffer pH on the retention of solutes. The results illustrated that the retention behaviors of the tested solutes were dominated by hydrogen bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction. From the chemical structure of the ligands, the modified beads could not only be used as a stationary phase in HILIC, but also act as a useful building block to develop new stationary phases for other chromatographic modes such as affinity media.

Preparation of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) resin and its adsorption performance for heavy metal ions

“…It is characterized with the abilities to form highdensity polymer molecular brushes on the material surface and achieve the goal of connecting as many as possible functional groups within a limited area. 5,6 Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) is a "Graing from" method developed during recent years and has been preliminarily applied to the preparation of adsorbing materials such as chromatographic xed phase, 7,8 chelating and ion exchange resins, 9 and chelating and ion exchange adsorption lms. 10 Our group has proven that SI-ATRP is one the new methods for the preparation of high volume adsorbing materials for anion and cation-exchange membranes.…”

Functional Interfaces Constructed by Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization for Analytical Chemistry

“…67,68 And the styrene (St)divinylbenzene (DVB) copolymers are also well-used as separation materials. 25,69 Qu and co-workers prepared a thermoresponsive high-peed protein chromatographic medium taking porous polystyrene (PS) microspheres as a base support. 31 By surface-initiated ATRP, poly(IPAAm-co-BMA) brushes were successfully grafted on PS microspheres and the porous structure of PS was robustly maintained.…”

Controllable preparation of a hydrophilic/ion‐exchange mixed‐mode stationary phase by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization using a mixture of two functional monomers

“…In recent years, surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) technology has been explored to prepare stationary phases . By employing the “living” and “controllable” properties of ATRP, various stationary phases have been prepared by controlling the reaction time or the quantities of monomers, but most of the prepared phases are actually single‐mode chromatographic materials due to the use of a single type of monomer ; consequently, the selectivity is difficult to tune by the used monomer.…”

“…In the present work, we explored an effective strategy to prepare mixed‐mode chromatographic stationary phases by grafting a copolymer on the surface of silica by SI‐ATRP, rather than using a homopolymer as in previous work . Herein, the used monomers were hydrophilic glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ionizable 2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA).…”