Preparation of Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) essential oil nanoparticles and its antitumor activity on triple negative breast cancer in vitro

Abstract

The active compounds isolated from Black pepper have anticancer effects, but the bioactivity of Black pepper essential oil (BP‐EO) is rarely studied. BP‐EO has poor stability and a suitable dose form should be prepared for in vivo delivery. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has attracted more and more attention due to its high mitotic index, high metastasis rate and poor prognosis. In this study, the composition of BP‐EO was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with BP‐EO were prepared by nanoprecipitation method using Eudragit L100 as a carrier. We investigated the preparation, characterization, stability and in vitro release of nanoparticles. MTT assay, cell wound healing, Transwell invasion assay and Western blot were used to study the anti‐tumor effect and mechanism of MDA‐MB‐231 cells. The GC–MS analysis identified a total of 33 compounds among which alkenes account for 63.55%. The prepared BP‐EO NPs exhibited nanoscale morphology, good stability and pH‐responsive and sustained release character which is suitable for in vivo delivery. BP‐EO NPs significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Furthermore, BP‐EO NPs significantly inhibited the expressions of Wnt and β‐catenin and significantly activated the expression of GSK‐3β in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Therefore, BP‐EO NPs prepared in this study provide a new effective strategy for the treatment of TNBC. Practical applications Black pepper is rich in essential oil and has excellent antioxidant and antibacterial activities. However, the anti‐tumor activity of BP‐EO has not been studied. In this study, we found that BP‐EO has excellent anticancer activity. To achieve effective encapsulation of black pepper essential oil and an excellent anti‐triple negative breast cancer activity, nanoparticles loaded with BP‐EO were prepared using Eudragit L100 as the carrier by the nanoprecipitation method. The in vitro study revealed that BP‐EO NPs inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of MDA‐MB‐231 cells via inhibiting the Wnt/β‐Catenin signaling pathway. This study provides new ideas and innovations for the treatment of invasive triple negative breast cancer in the future. At the same time, we will further reveal the application potential, pharmacokinetic characteristics and precise mechanism of BP‐EO NPs in vivo in subsequent studies.

Spice-Derived Phenolic Compounds: Potential for Skin Cancer Prevention and Therapy

“…Black pepper is also used for medicinal purposes and has various health benefits including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or gastroprotective effects [87]. Moreover, some bioactive compounds isolated from black pepper also have anticancer effects [88][89][90].…”