Preparation of Ion-molecules of the Inert Gases in an Electromagnetic Isotope Separator

Freeman, Jim; McIlroy, R.W.

doi:10.1038/201069a0

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 3 publications

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“…A model consisting of two independent simultaneous reactions was employed to describe the thermodegradation kinetic changes of termite-chewed softwood using the integral method of Coats and Redfern [55]. In this model, each reaction stage was assumed to be first order in the formulation of the kinetic model.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced biorefinery in lower termite-effect of combined pretreatment during the chewing process

Laskar

Gao

et al. 2012

Biotechnol Biofuels

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BackgroundCurrently the major barrier in biomass utilization is the lack of an effective pretreatment of plant cell wall so that the carbohydrates can subsequently be hydrolyzed into sugars for fermentation into fuel or chemical molecules. Termites are highly effective in degrading lignocellulosics and thus can be used as model biological systems for studying plant cell wall degradation.ResultsWe discovered a combination of specific structural and compositional modification of the lignin framework and partial degradation of carbohydrates that occurs in softwood with physical chewing by the termite, Coptotermes formosanus, which are critical for efficient cell wall digestion. Comparative studies on the termite-chewed and native (control) softwood tissues at the same size were conducted with the aid of advanced analytical techniques such as pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The results strongly suggest a significant increase in the softwood cellulose enzymatic digestibility after termite chewing, accompanied with utilization of holocellulosic counterparts and an increase in the hydrolysable capacity of lignin collectively. In other words, the termite mechanical chewing process combines with specific biological pretreatment on the lignin counterpart in the plant cell wall, resulting in increased enzymatic cellulose digestibility in vitro. The specific lignin unlocking mechanism at this chewing stage comprises mainly of the cleavage of specific bonds from the lignin network and the modification and redistribution of functional groups in the resulting chewed plant tissue, which better expose the carbohydrate within the plant cell wall. Moreover, cleavage of the bond between the holocellulosic network and lignin molecule during the chewing process results in much better exposure of the biomass carbohydrate.ConclusionCollectively, these data indicate the participation of lignin-related enzyme(s) or polypeptide(s) and/or esterase(s), along with involvement of cellulases and hemicellulases in the chewing process of C. formosanus, resulting in an efficient pretreatment of biomass through a combination of mechanical and enzymatic processes. This pretreatment could be mimicked for industrial biomass conversion.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced biorefinery in lower termite-effect of combined pretreatment during the chewing process

Laskar

Gao

et al. 2012

Biotechnol Biofuels

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Accuracy of approximations in kinetic data circulation

Haber

1966

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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SynopsisKinetic data can be determined from the relation of two kinetic equations in their integrated form. For the calculation of the exponent,ial integral, approximations are generally used, which allow a simple calculation of the activation energy. With respect. of the most frequently used approximations, an evaluation of error produced by their application has been calculated. The best results can be achieved by using the eqiiation which permit,s det,ermination of E t o within 1% accuracy.

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Some perspectives in electromagnetic isotope separation

Freeman¹

1965

Nuclear Instruments and Methods

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Preparation of Ion-molecules of the Inert Gases in an Electromagnetic Isotope Separator

Cited by 8 publications

References 3 publications

Advanced biorefinery in lower termite-effect of combined pretreatment during the chewing process

Advanced biorefinery in lower termite-effect of combined pretreatment during the chewing process

Accuracy of approximations in kinetic data circulation

Some perspectives in electromagnetic isotope separation

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