Preparation of LiFePO4/C Cathode Materials via a Green Synthesis Route for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications

Abstract

In this work, LiFePO4/C composite were synthesized via a green route by using Iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles, Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), glucose powder and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution as raw materials. The reaction principles for the synthesis of LiFePO4/C composite were analyzed, suggesting that almost no wastewater and air polluted gases are discharged into the environment. The morphological, structural and compositional properties of the LiFePO4/C composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra coupled with thermogravimetry/Differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC) thermal analysis in detail. Lithium-ion batteries using such LiFePO4/C composite as cathode materials, where the loading level is 2.2 mg/cm2, exhibited excellent electrochemical performances, with a discharge capability of 161 mA h/g at 0.1 C, 119 mA h/g at 10 C and 93 mA h/g at 20 C, and a cycling stability with 98.0% capacity retention at 1 C after 100 cycles and 95.1% at 5 C after 200 cycles. These results provide a valuable approach to reduce the manufacturing costs of LiFePO4/C cathode materials due to the reduced process for the polluted exhaust purification and wastewater treatment.

Crystal alignment of a LiFePO4 cathode material for lithium ion batteries using its magnetic properties

“…where R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, A is the electrode area, n is the number of electrons transferred in the redox process, F is the Faraday constant, and C is the molar concentration of lithium ions. [45][46][47] s is the Warburg factor, which is dened as below,…”

Recent advances in the design of cathode materials for Li-ion batteries

“…To avoid environmental pollution and avert additional costs associated with processing the harmful byproducts that contain anions such as Cl À , SO 4 2À , NO 3 À , and gases like N x O y , CO, and NH 3 . 154 The electrochemical performance is one of the main factors that direct the industry, Fig. 19 Comparison of two materials, one was sintered for 12 h at 750 C and the other was prepared by hydrothermal method then sintered for 12 h at 750 C. 159 Fig.…”

Review : Metode Sintesis Katoda LiFePO4 Baterai Lithium-Ion

“…Dibandingkan dengan LiCoO 2 , biaya sintesis LiFePO 4 lebih murah [7]. Namun LiFePO 4 juga memiliki kekurangan seperti konduktivitas rendah, laju difusi ion Li + yang lambat, dan kerapatan energi yang rendah [8][9] [10]. Untuk mengatasi kekurangan tersebut, hal-hal yang dapat dilakukan terhadap katoda adalah melapisi dengan karbon [11][12], mendoping dengan beberapa logam besi [13][14], mengurangi ukuran partikel [15], mensubtitusi kation aliovalen [16], serta memodifikasi sintesis katoda LiFePO 4 (sol-gel, presipitasi, atau solid state).…”

“…Metode solid state adalah metode yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan struktur kimia dengan reaksi yang terjadi tanpa adanya pelarut [8]. Keuntungan dari metode solid state meliputi kemudahan proses sintesis dan dapat diaplikasikan dalam skala besar.…”