Preparation of Lignin-Based Anion Exchangers and their Utilization for Nitrate Removal

Abstract

Lignin-based anion exchangers (L-AE) were prepared by reacting lignin with epichlorohydrin and triethylamine in the presence of N,Ndimethylformamide and a catalyst. A multi-factor and multi-level orthogonal design of experiment was carried out in order to obtain the optimal conditions for the preparation of lignin-based anion exchangers. The optimized parameters including the dosages of catalysts, the amounts of triethylamine, graft reaction time, and the graft reaction temperature were defined. Data of nitrate removal and yield were used as performance indicators of the products prepared. The results indicated that the reaction temperature was the primary factor. The optimal synthesis reaction parameters were lignin:pyridine:triethylamine = 2 g:3 mL:12 mL. The optimal experimental temperature was 70 °C, and the reaction time was 7 h. The yield was 188.6% and the nitrate removal was 91.2%. Under some reaction conditions, the yields were found greater than 100%; this was due to the grafted mass from epoxidation with epichlorohydrin and quaternization (through the reaction of epoxide with triethylamine).

Preparing cationic cotton linter cellulose with high substitution degree by ultrasonic treatment

“…Compared with the original sample, the cationic cellulose has a new peak at 1491 cm −1 (C N, 1000-1400 cm −1 ), which assign to the quaternary ammonium group. In addition, a prominent peak at 1479 cm −1 was observed, which assign to methylene bending mode and methyl groups of the cationic substituent (Wang, Bo, Liu, Yang, & Zhao, 2013). These FTIR results indicate that the original cellulose was successfully modified into cationic cellulose.…”

Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris) Shell as a Natural, Biodegradable, Highly Available, Cheap, Agricultural by-Product, Miscellaneous Biomass, Ion Exchanger, Biosorbent and Fertilizer

“…Also, the trend of decreasing potential of both biomass and sorbent with increasing pH (from 3 to 11) can be attributed to the influence of pH-dependent functional groups of biomass with negative zeta potential (OH group of cellulose and OCH 3 group of lignin skeleton). These groups show a higher negative charge with increasing pH, which results in a decrease in the positive charge of the tested samples [56]. Certainly, the analysis of the PZC confirmed the effectiveness of the biomass chemical modification by introducing quaternary ammonium groups that contribute to a more positive potential of the sorbent.…”

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of lignin-capped Cu2O nanocomposite with antibiofilm properties

“…The L-Cu nanocomposite displayed a noticeable peak at 14.27° for lignin and 36.4°, 42.4°, 61.3°, 73.5°, and 77.4° diffraction peaks corresponding to Cu 2 O NPs, these diffraction peaks indicated that due to strong capping treatment of Cu 2 O NPs with lignin, a new phase was formed, appreciably even though a very small amount of the Cu 2 O powder was used for the synthesis of L-Cu. Cu 2 O NPs and alkaline lignin are positively charged at neutral pH [35] . Thus, hydrophobic interactions between lignin and Cu 2 O played an important role in the formation of stable L-Cu.…”