Preparation of mixtures of paralytic shellfish toxin (PSP) standards from mussel hepatopancreas

Alfonso, Amparo; Vieytes, Mercedes R.; Botana, Ana M.; Goenaga, Xabier; Botana, Luís M.

doi:10.1007/bf00322592

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…High-performance liquid chromatography was used to separate the different PSP congeners prior to electrochemical oxidation and fluorescence detection, based on a variation of the method of Oshima [13]. The HPLC is a Shimadzu system equipped with two LC-10ADvp pumps, one LC-6A pump, a SIL-10ADvp automatic injector (10-mL injection loop), a SCL-10Avp system controller, and one RF535 fluorescence detector, set at 340 nm excitation and 410 nm emission wavelengths, from Shimadzu.…”

Section: Analysis Of Psp Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, seven compounds associated to this toxin group have been isolated and characterized from dinoflagellates cultures and mollusk extracts. They were designated with letters A, B, C, D, E, and F. Spirolide G has been recently identified [3], as well as some des-methyl derivatives of spirolides C and D, namely, 13-desmethyl spirolide C (13-desMeC) [10], 13,19didesmethyl spirolide C (13, [3], and 13-desmethyl spirolide D [4]. Finally, a methyl derivative of spirolide G, called 20-methyl spirolide G (20-MeG) [11], and a hydroxilated analogue of 13,19-didesMeC, designated 27-hydroxy-13,19-didesmethyl spirolide C (27-OH-13,19-didesMeC) [12], were also discovered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of environmental regimens on the toxin profile of Alexandrium ostenfeldii

Otero

Alfonso

Vieytes

et al. 2009

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Environmental conditions are key factors in the development of marine toxic phytoplankton. Spirolides are marine toxins with a heptacyclic imine ring responsible for the toxicity in mice. Alexandrium ostenfeldii (A. ostenfeldii) is the main producer of these toxins, although this dinoflagellate often produces toxins belonging to the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) group. The present study shows the first evidence that external environmental factors can influence the toxin profile produced by the dinoflagellate A. ostenfeldii. The species investigated is indigenous to the North Atlantic coast, and their cells grew under several environmental parameters. Toxin production was measured by means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and the chromatograms reflect the presence of two spirolides in all cultures; one in the region m/z 692.5, corresponding to 13-desmethyl spirolide C (13-desMeC) and the other in the region m/z 678.5, which corresponds to 13,19-didesmethyl spirolide C (13,19-didesMeC). The physical parameters studied were salinity, culture media, and photoperiod. The highest amount of toxin per cell was obtained when dinoflagellates grew in F/2 and Walne medium, 28 per thousand salinity, and 24 h of light. However, the highest proportion of 13,19-didesMeC with respect to 13-desMeC was achieved in L1 medium, 33 per thousand salinity, and 14:10 h light:dark. On the contrary, the highest proportion of 13-desMeC in cells was obtained when A. ostenfeldii was cultured in F/2 medium, 28 per thousand salinity, and the same photoperiod. Therefore, from these data the optimum conditions to culture A. ostenfeldii and to obtain the highest amount of spirolide per cell are shown. In addition, these environmental conditions can be considered a tool to predict and avoid A. ostenfeldii blooms.

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Section: Analysis Of Psp Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of environmental regimens on the toxin profile of Alexandrium ostenfeldii

Otero

Alfonso

Vieytes

et al. 2009

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…High-performance liquid chromatography methods are widely used to identify and quantify PSP toxins present in seafood, and they can also establish the toxin's profile, which can be very different depending on the geographical area, the phytoplankton species and the shellfish species [ 7 , 8 ]. HPLC-FLD with a precolumn oxidation method, also called the Lawrence method, was validated by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists through a collaborative study [ 9 ] and was integrated into European Directives to act as a legal alternative to the mouse bioassay [ 10 ] for the determination of PSP toxins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Different Shellfish Matrices on the Separation of PSP Toxins Using a Postcolumn Oxidation Liquid Chromatography Method

Rey

Alfonso

Botana

et al. 2015

Toxins

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The separation of PSP toxins using liquid chromatography with a post-column oxidation fluorescence detection method was performed with different matrices. The separation of PSP toxins depends on several factors, and it is crucial to take into account the presence of interfering matrix peaks to produce a good separation. The matrix peaks are not always the same, which is a significant issue when it comes to producing good, reliable results regarding resolution and toxicity information. Different real shellfish matrices (mussel, scallop, clam and oyster) were studied, and it was seen that the interference is not the same for each individual matrix. It also depends on the species, sampling location and the date of collection. It was proposed that separation should be accomplished taking into account the type of matrix, as well as the concentration of heptane sulfonate in both solvents, since the mobile phase varies regarding the matrix. Scallop and oyster matrices needed a decrease in the concentration of heptane sulfonate to separate GTX4 from matrix peaks, as well as dcGTX3 for oysters, with a concentration of 6.5 mM for solvent A and 6.25 mM for solvent B. For mussel and clam matrices, interfering peaks are not as large as they are in the other group, and the heptane sulfonate concentration was 8.25 mM for both solvents. Also, for scallops and oysters, matrix interferences depend not only on the sampling site but also on the date of collection as well as the species; for mussels and clams, differences are noted only when the sampling site varies.

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“…These toxins were obtained after whole flesh extraction (ethanol/acetic acid) followed by purification through exclusion chromatography (Alfonso et al, 1993). The purity of toxin extracts was always higher than 90%.…”

Section: Reagentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of solid phase adsorption of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSP) onto different resins

et al. 2011

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Preparation of mixtures of paralytic shellfish toxin (PSP) standards from mussel hepatopancreas

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Effects of environmental regimens on the toxin profile of Alexandrium ostenfeldii

Effects of environmental regimens on the toxin profile of Alexandrium ostenfeldii

Influence of Different Shellfish Matrices on the Separation of PSP Toxins Using a Postcolumn Oxidation Liquid Chromatography Method

Study of solid phase adsorption of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSP) onto different resins

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