Preparation of Palm Oil Ash Nanoparticles: Taguchi Optimization Method by Particle Size Distribution and Morphological Studies

Rizal, Samsul; Abdullah, C. K.; Olaiya, N. G.; Aprilia, N. A. Sri; Zein, Ikramullah; Surya, Indra; Khalil, H. P. S. Abdul

doi:10.3390/app10030985

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The third stage shown in the TG feature was also the main degradation stage of films that occurred at approximately 220 °C to 260 °C corresponded to the macroalgae polymer’s thermal decomposition. Finally, the fourth feature in thermal degradation at approximately 320 °C to 390 °C could be attributed to the maximum degradation of LNPs [ 45 ]. However, the film’s glycerol removal does not represent the film’s thermal stability as it was used as a plasticizer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films

et al. 2021

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The demand for bioplastic material for industrial applications is increasing. However, moisture absorption and low mechanical strength have limited the use of bioplastic in commercial-scale applications. Macroalgae is no exception to these challenges of bioplastics. In this study, Kappaphycus alvarezii macroalgae were reinforced with lignin nanoparticles. Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were used as a filler to reduce the brittleness and hydrophilic nature of macroalgae (matrix). Lignin nanofiller was produced using a green approach from black liquor of soda pulping waste and purified. The physical, mechanical, morphological, structural, thermal, and water barrier properties of LNPs with and without the purification process in macroalgae films were studied. The bioplastic films' functional properties, such as physical, mechanical, thermal, and water barrier properties, were significantly improved by incorporating purified and unpurified LNPs. However, the purified LNPs have a greater reinforcement effect on the macroalgae than unpurified LNPs. In this study, bioplastic film with 5% purified LNPs presented the optimum enhancement on almost all the functional properties. The enhancement is attributed to high compatibility due to strong interfacial interaction between the nanofiller and matrix. The developed LNPs/macroalgae bioplastic films can provide additional benefits and solutions to various industrial applications, especially packaging material.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films

et al. 2021

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“…Nanoparticle production with a mechanical planetary ball mill has been proposed and used [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Several parameters are required for the optimum production of nanoparticles using a planetary ball mill [ 24 , 25 ]. One of them is milling time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties and Characterization of New Approach Organic Nanoparticle-Based Biocomposite Board

et al. 2020

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Conventionally, panel boards are produced with material flex or microparticle with P.U. or U.F. as adhesives. However, in this study, nanoparticle with epoxy resin as an adhesive was used to produce nanoboard. Coconut shell nanoparticle composite with epoxy resin as an adhesive was prepared using a compression molding technique. The coconut shell particles were originally 200 mesh size and then milled mechanically with a ball mill for the duration of 10, 20, 30, and 40 h (milling times) to produce nanoparticles. The composition ratio of the composite is 85 vol.% of coconut shell and 15 vol.% of epoxy resin. The formation of nanoparticles was observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical, physical, and microstructure properties of the composite were examined with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and universal testing machine. The results established that the properties of the composite (microstructures, mechanical, and physical) are influenced by the duration of milling of coconut shell particles. The modulus and flexural strength of the composite improved with an increase in the milling time. The density, thickness swelling, and porosity of the composite were also influenced by the milling times. The result suggested that the composite properties were influenced by the particle size of the coconut shell. The coconut shell nanoparticle composite can be used in the manufacturing of hybrid panels and board.

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“…The experimental design for the preparation of oil palm ash nanoparticles was adopted based on a previous study by [ 1 ] on the Taguchi L9 Orthogonal array method to obtain the optimum process parameters to produce oil palm bio-ash (OPB) nanoparticles with a horizontal ball milling technique. The most significant parameters for the milling operation of OPB nanoparticles are the size of balls, milling time, and milling speed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, most oil palm plant parts are disposed of as waste biomass because of their abundance. The large production of palm oil by oil extraction in the palm oil mill has abundantly produced secondary waste, negatively impacting health due to environmental pollution [ 1 ]. Most of the oil palm wastes from palm oil production are currently burned to generate steam for sterilization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties and Interfacial Bonding Enhancement of Oil Palm Bio-Ash Nanoparticles Biocomposites

et al. 2021

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The effect of incorporating different loadings of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles from agriculture waste on the properties of phenol-formaldehyde resin was investigated in this study. The bio-ash filler was used to enhance the performance of phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites. Phenol-formaldehyde resin filled with oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles was prepared via the in-situ polymerization process to produce nanocomposites. The transmission electron microscope and particle size analyzer result revealed that oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles had a spherical geometry of 90 nm. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction results confirmed the formation of crystalline structure in oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles and phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the presence of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles enhanced the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. The presence of oil palm bio-ash nanoparticles with 1% loading in phenol-formaldehyde resin enhanced the internal bonding strength of plywood composites. The scanning electron microscope image revealed that phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites morphology had better uniform distribution and dispersion with 1% oil palm bio-ash nanoparticle loading than other phenol-formaldehyde nanocomposites produced. The nanocomposite has potential use in the development of particle and panel board for industrial applications.

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Preparation of Palm Oil Ash Nanoparticles: Taguchi Optimization Method by Particle Size Distribution and Morphological Studies

Cited by 18 publications

References 34 publications

Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films

Properties and Characterization of Lignin Nanoparticles Functionalized in Macroalgae Biopolymer Films

Properties and Characterization of New Approach Organic Nanoparticle-Based Biocomposite Board

Properties and Interfacial Bonding Enhancement of Oil Palm Bio-Ash Nanoparticles Biocomposites

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