Preparation of penicillin. Improved method of isolation

Clayton, Jisuvei; Hems, B. A.; Robinson, F. A.; Andrews, Richard D.; Hunwicke, R. F.

doi:10.1042/bj0380452

Cited by 28 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…3' of Fries (1938), as modified by Ryan, Beadle & Tatum (1943) and supplemented with DL-serine (0-1 mM), was distributed in 330 ml. amounts in Glaxo flasks (Clayton, Hems, Robinson, Andrews & Hunwicke, 1944). The flasks were steamed for 15 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The behaviour of the Bz-methylindoles as substrates and inhibitors for Neurospora crassa tryptophan synthase

Hall¹,

Lea²,

Rydon³

1962

Biochemical Journal

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The behaviour of the Bz-methylindoles as substrates and inhibitors for Neurospora crassa tryptophan synthase

Hall¹,

Lea²,

Rydon³

1962

Biochemical Journal

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“…Penicillin 1 st discovered in 1928 by Alexander Flaming as he looked his old agar-media plates with Staphylococcus bacteria which were lysed by some fungus contamination. He immediately grew the fungus and was found the supernatant was actively killed the bacteria in vitro [18]. It took until 1943 to commercialize benzyl penicillin for public use due to two World Wars.…”

Section: Production Of Penicillin Antibiotic and Goodbye Of Herbal Rementioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Phyto-Antibiotics and Other Future Therapeutics Against Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria

Chakraborty¹

2019

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Phage therapy, enzybiotics, gene medicine and nanodrug-carriers are most vital components of modern research against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Genome evolution occurs due to environmental toxicities of various types where soil bacteria are in symbiosis with plant world who secret anti-metabolites against soil bacteria. Gut microbiome secrete vitamins required for our body where as intestinal cells synthesis interleukins and cytokines for symbiotic control of intestinal bacteria. Before the discovery of antibiotic in 1928, peoples trusted plant derived remedies against variety of illness described in Indian Sanskrit books like Charaka Samhita, Sasruta Samhita and Atharva Veda. AMR disease occurred due to repeated but uncontrolled use of antibiotics affecting gut microbiome who acquired many mdr genes in plasmids. We estimated that 40% of all river and sea water borne bacteria were ampicillin and to lesser extent tetracycline, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and streptomycin resistant. Where as <1% were multidrug-resistant and ~0.002% Enterobacteriaceae were meropenem, linezolid or amikacin resistant. MDR genes like amp, neo, tet, aac, cat, aph, aad, arr3, sul1, dhfr, inh, acrAB, mexAB, macAB and mtrCD were amplified with millions mutated isomers increasing all drugs MIC. We studied Indian medicinal plants and spices to get valuable cheap drugs where modified agriculture and/or tissue culture increased the drug concentration. We showed that MDR bacteria were sensitive to organic extract of Suregada multiflora roots, Cassia fistula bark, Jatropha gossypifolia roots as well as Indian spices Labanga and Derchini (MDR-Cure). TLC and HPLC purification as well as UV-VIS, MASS, NMR, FT-IR and XRD-Powder gave many distinct signatures of pure chemicals that also inhibited multidrug-resistant bacteria. Biological targets of 12 chemicals are under investigation targeting DNA Topoisomerase I, DNA Polymerase and RNA Polymerase of Escherichia coli. Indian Government has started Herbal Mission, Ganga Mission and various Plantation Programmes to curve MDR pathogenesis.

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“…Growth in the last-mentioned medium was enhanced by addition of cornsteep liquor (1 %, v/v) or of Witte peptone (0-2 %, w/v). The media were usually contained in large conical flasks which had wide necks or in the flat, circular, glass dishes originally devised for penicillin production (Clayton, Hunwicke, Hanes, Robinson & Andrews, 1944). Later, larger areas of cellulose were developed in a rectangular glass trough fitted with a flat glass cover which rested on a pad of sterile nonabsorbent cotton wool to admit air.…”

Section: X-ray Examination Of Samples Of Ceuulose Formed Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations on the formation and structure of bacterial cellulose

Kaushal

Walker

Drummond³

1951

Biochemical Journal

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Later, bacterial cellulose produced from glucose by A. xylinum was examined by means of the electron microscope by Franz & Schiebold (1943), while Frey-Wyssling & Muhlethaler (1946) applied the same technique to the study of cellulose formed by A. xylinoide8. Muihlethaler (1949) has continued these studies using cellulose formed by A, xylinum in a beer-sucrose medium. Kaushal & Walker (1947, 1951) reported the ability of certain species of Acetobacter other than

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Preparation of penicillin. Improved method of isolation

Abstract: This paper describes work completed by the end of 1942. Its publication has been delayed for security reasons. The authors are aware that considerable progress has been made in the preparation and isolation of penicillin since this preliminary work was carried out.

Cited by 28 publications

References 2 publications

The behaviour of the Bz-methylindoles as substrates and inhibitors for Neurospora crassa tryptophan synthase

The behaviour of the Bz-methylindoles as substrates and inhibitors for Neurospora crassa tryptophan synthase

Heterogeneous Phyto-Antibiotics and Other Future Therapeutics Against Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria

Observations on the formation and structure of bacterial cellulose

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