“…Various synthetic methods for the preparation of morphologically controlled SnO 2 have been examined with the objective of identifying additional sophisticated functional properties of this n -type wide-bandgap semiconductor , that will enable other potential applications, such as gas sensors, − anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, − transparent thin-film electrodes, − optoelectronic devices, − and photocatalysts. , The majority of these synthetic methods are wet-chemical processes, sometimes facilitated by sol–gel, hydrothermal, ,,,,,− ,, microwave-assisted, sonochemical processing, dip-coating, and spray pyrolysis techniques. , The traditional solid-state synthesis method, which involves the thermal decomposition and oxidation of a precursor Sn(II) compound in an oxygen-rich atmosphere, also remains worthwhile as a cost-effective, large-scale process. For example, the oxidative decomposition of crystalline SnC 2 O 4 has been examined as a possible synthesis method for nanosized and microstructural SnO 2 , ,− including porous nanorods, ,, whiskers, and flowerlike and hierarchical constitutions. , …”