Preparation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose from paper sludge

Abstract

BACKGROUND: This paper describes the reuse of paper sludge, an industrial solid waste, for the preparation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The process includes pretreatment, basification and etherification.

Preparation and characterization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose from cotton stalk using microwave heating

“…The experiments showed that the highest cellulose content was obtained in run 9, the reasons for which could be that the non-cellulosic materials and mineral components were sufficiently well removed under the optimal conditions. 4 Gabriele 20 reckoned that the major parts of the substances that constitute the external cuticle were hydrolyzed, and the pectin substances bound to the fibres of cellulose were also in part deprotonated during the alkaline processing. Levels of variables were decided according to the K-values (Table 4) of the cellulose content.…”

“…The spectroscopic FT-IR data of the prepared CMC were also consistent with the structural assignments previous reported. 4,11,28 Thus, the results show that CMC can be synthesized from cotton stalk cellulose.…”

“…CMC is used in many industrial fields; 4 it is used in food science as a viscosity modifier or thickener to stabilize emulsions 5 and often used in the oil drilling industry as an ingredient of drilling mud. 6 In addition, it is also a constituent of many products such as detergents, toothpaste, water-based paints, textile sizing and various paper products.…”

Evaluation of Structural Properties of Cellulose Ether-Corn Starch Based Biodegradable Films

“…Crystallinity value for methylcellulose has been reported in the literature between 30.4% and 52.6% depending on the degree of substitution and synthesizing method [33,39]. Similarly, for carboxymethylcellulose it has been reported between 18.4% and 63.0% depending on both degree of substitution and synthesizing method [31,40,41]. For corn starch Han et al [42] reported that it has A-type crystalline structure and 27.1% crystallinity.…”

Ultrasonic mediated production of carboxymethyl cellulose: Optimization of conditions using response surface methodology

“…Many researchers reported the synthesis of CMC from cellulosic materials including sugar beet (Togrul & Arslan, 2003), banana pseudo stem (Adinugraha, Djagal W., & Haryadi;, flax short fibers (Kutsenko, Bochek, Vlasova, & Volchek, 2005), sago waste (Pushpamalar, Langford, Ahmad, & Lim, 2006), paper sludge (He, Wu, Fua, & Nia, 2009), cotton stalk (GenLin; Zhang, Zhang, Deng, & Sun, 2011), corn (Kumar Singh & Kumar Singh, 2012, bamboo shaving (Chen & Lou, 2014), water hyacinth (Saputra, Qadhayna, & Pitaloka, 2014), office waste paper (Joshi et al, 2015) and corn husk (Mondal, Yeasmin, & Rahman, 2015). Conventional synthesis of CMC is time consuming reaction.…”