“…Consequently, research in this area has focused on developing new magnetic sorbents to enhance their efficiency, selectivity, physical and chemical stability (Chisvert et al, 2019). Surface modification of magnetic particles with a ligand or specific chemical to enhance the adsorption of metal ions is one of the common methods to produce magnetic sorbent for DmSPE (Alinezhad et al, 2020, Chen et al, 2021, Ma et al, 2020. This method often involves lengthy multi-step reactions, such as coating of magnetic particles, modifying the coated magnetic particles with a specific functional group or chemical, and the attached ligand .…”