Preparation, Purification, and Use of Fatty Acid-containing Liposomes

Lin, Jin; Engelhart, Aaron E.; Adamala, Katarzyna P.; Szostak, Jack W.

doi:10.3791/57324

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…While fatty acid vesicles have shown the ability to stably compartmentalize polymers (such as RNA) while still allowing smaller nutrients necessary for polymerization reactions (such as nucleotides) to freely diffuse into and out of the vesicle [ 97 ], pure (single-compound) fatty acid vesicles suffer in terms of stability to heat, magnesium ion concentration, and pH, often only being viable in a fairly narrow range of conditions. Increasing diversity of the fatty acid composition of vesicles, however, resulted in increased robustness and persistence to a number of environmental selection factors [ 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ]. Further increasing diversity of the membrane composition by adding phospholipids to fatty acid bilayers imbues further selective advantages, for example by promoting greater compartment growth [ 103 ].…”

Section: Prebiotic Compartmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of Species before Origin of Life: The Role of Speciation in Chemical Evolution

Jia

Caudan

Mamajanov

2021

Life

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Speciation, an evolutionary process by which new species form, is ultimately responsible for the incredible biodiversity that we observe on Earth every day. Such biodiversity is one of the critical features which contributes to the survivability of biospheres and modern life. While speciation and biodiversity have been amply studied in organismic evolution and modern life, it has not yet been applied to a great extent to understanding the evolutionary dynamics of primitive life. In particular, one unanswered question is at what point in the history of life did speciation as a phenomenon emerge in the first place. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which speciation could have occurred before the origins of life in the context of chemical evolution. Specifically, we discuss that primitive compartments formed before the emergence of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) could have provided a mechanism by which primitive chemical systems underwent speciation. In particular, we introduce a variety of primitive compartment structures, and associated functions, that may have plausibly been present on early Earth, followed by examples of both discriminate and indiscriminate speciation affected by primitive modes of compartmentalization. Finally, we discuss modern technologies, in particular, droplet microfluidics, that can be applied to studying speciation phenomena in the laboratory over short timescales. We hope that this discussion highlights the current areas of need in further studies on primitive speciation phenomena while simultaneously proposing directions as important areas of study to the origins of life.

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Section: Prebiotic Compartmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of Species before Origin of Life: The Role of Speciation in Chemical Evolution

Jia

Caudan

Mamajanov

2021

Life

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“…Next, we consider the effect of any encapsulated solutes on vesicle scattering. Experimentalists routinely use purification methods, such as size exclusion chromatography (39,40) or dialysis (41), to remove unwanted solutes that are not encapsulated inside vesicles. Sometimes these solutes are nonabsorbing, such as salts, and contribute to the real part of the refractive index Re(n contents ); other times, they absorb light and contribute to the imaginary part of the refractive index Im(n contents ) ¼ k. Here, for simplicity, we assume that the medium is nonabsorbing, Im(n medium ) ¼ 0, and do calculations at one wavelength (l ¼ 400 nm).…”

Section: Encapsulated Content Refractive Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Core-Shell Modeling of Light Scattering by Vesicles: Effect of Size, Contents, and Lamellarity

Wang

Miller

Szostak

2019

Biophysical Journal

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Having a fast, reliable method for characterizing vesicles is vital for their use as model cell membranes in biophysics, synthetic biology, and origins of life studies. Instead of the traditionally used Rayleigh-Gans-Debye approximation, we use an exact extended Lorenz-Mie solution for how core-shell particles scatter light to model vesicle turbidity. This approach enables accurate interpretations of simple turbidimetric measurements and is able to accurately model highly scattering vesicles, such as larger vesicles, those with multiple layers, and those with encapsulated material. We uncover several surprising features, including that vesicle lamellarity has a larger effect on sample turbidity than vesicle size and that the technique can be used to measure the membrane thickness of vesicles. We also examine potential misinterpretations of turbidimetry and discuss when measurements are limited by forward and multiple scattering and by the geometry of the instrument.

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“…Other methods for the elimination of unencapsulated drugs include ion-exchange chromatography, microcentrifugation, and ultrafiltration. All of these methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of the most suitable purification method depends on the characteristics of the synthesized liposomes [51,52].…”

Section: Carbohydrate Functionalized Nano-carriers For Cancer Targeting and Ther-apymentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrate-functionalized Liposomes in Cancer Therapy

AlSawaftah

Abusamra

Husseini

2021

CCTR

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: Existing cancer treatments are often accompanied by adverse side effects that can greatly reduce the quality of life of cancer patients; this sets the platform to the development and application of nanocarrier-based platforms for the delivery of anticancer drugs. Among these nanocarriers, liposomes have demonstrated excellent potential in drug delivery applications. Furthermore, the overexpression of certain receptors on cancer cells has led to the development of active targeting approaches where liposome surfaces are decorated with ligands against these receptors. Given the central role that sugars play in cancer biology, more and more researchers are integrating “glycoscience” into their anticancer therapeutic designs. Carbohydrate functionalized liposomes present an attractive drug delivery system due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and specific cell targeting ability. This review presents an overview of the preparation methods, characterization, evaluation, and applications of carbohydrate functionalized liposomes in cancer therapy.

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Preparation, Purification, and Use of Fatty Acid-containing Liposomes

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

Origin of Species before Origin of Life: The Role of Speciation in Chemical Evolution

Origin of Species before Origin of Life: The Role of Speciation in Chemical Evolution

Core-Shell Modeling of Light Scattering by Vesicles: Effect of Size, Contents, and Lamellarity

Carbohydrate-functionalized Liposomes in Cancer Therapy

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