Preparation, structure and electrical properties of thick ruthenium dioxide films

Activation and hydrogen absorption in thermally prepared RuO2 and IrO2

“…According to the data published elsewhere [35], it could be estimated from the value of the c lattice parameter that [Cl] $ 2.6 wt%. The experimental data presented before do not allow us to determine the influence of residual chloride atoms on hydrogen absorption in the oxide films unequivocally.…”

Structural analyses of RuO2–TiO2/Ti and IrO2–RuO2–TiO2/Ti anodes used in industrial chlor-alkali membrane processes

“…After the development of the DSA ® [1], both fundamental and applied researches have been carried out as reviewed by Trasatti [2][3][4]. For instance, industrial applications for chlor-alkali processes [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]; the form of Ti substrates (e.g., nets, meshes, expanded metals) of the DSA ® s used in industry [8][9][10][11]; the optimum chemical composition such as RuO 2 (30%)-TiO 2 (70%)/Ti [12][13][14]; recommended preparation temperature (e.g., 400~500°C for RuO 2 -TiO 2 /Ti) [13,15]; surface area (roughness factor) of oxide electrodes such as IrO 2 -RuO 2 /Ti electrodes [16][17][18]; observation of the mud-cracks by scanning electron microscopy [19,20]; effect of the preparation conditions on the formation of solid-solution (e.g., RuO 2 -TiO 2 /Ti) [21,22] …”

Wet film application techniques and their effects on the stability of RuO2–TiO2 coated titanium anodes

“…2, these agglomerates appear to be enriched in ruthenium. The presence of such crystallites has been reported earlier by other groups for different coating preparations and for binary as well as tertiary oxides [32][33][34].…”