Preparations of spherical polymeric particles from Tanzanian cashew nut shell liquid by suspension polymerization

Mkayula, Lupituko L.; Makame, Yahya M.M.; Matechi, T H

doi:10.4314/tjs.v30i2.18395

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Particles were found to exhibit Langmuir-type adsorption isotherms with a saturation capacity of about 9.0 and 44.2 mg g À1 for Na + and Ca 2+ , respectively. 157 Cardanol has also been polymerized using an Fe-salt complex as the catalyst to give a soluble polyphenol containing the unsaturated alkyl group in the side chain. The polymer was subjected to hardening by a cobalt naphthenate catalyst 158 or by thermal treatment, yielding crosslinked lms with a high gloss surface.…”

Section: And Scheme 3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Food waste as a valuable resource for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels. Current situation and global perspective

Lin

Pfaltzgraff

Herrero-Davila³

et al. 2013

Energy Environ. Sci.

984

507

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Increasing demand for fuels and chemicals, driven by factors including over-population, the threat of global warming and the scarcity of fossil resources, strains our resource system and necessitates the development of sustainable and innovative strategies for the chemical industry. Our society is currently experiencing constraints imposed by our resource system, which drives industry to increase its overall efficiency by improving existing processes or finding new uses for waste. Food supply chain waste emerged as a resource with a significant potential to be employed as a raw material for the production of fuels and chemicals given the abundant volumes globally generated, its contained diversity of functionalised chemical components and the opportunity to be utilised for higher value applications.The present manuscript is aimed to provide a general overview of the current and most innovative uses of food supply chain waste, providing a range of worldwide case-studies from around the globe. These studies will focus on examples illustrating the use of citrus peel, waste cooking oil and cashew shell nut liquid in countries such as China, the UK, Tanzania, Spain, Greece or Morocco. This work emphasises 2 nd generation food waste valorisation and re-use strategies for the production of higher value and marketable products rather than conventional food waste processing (incineration for energy recovery, feed or composting) while highlighting issues linked to the use of food waste as a sustainable raw material. The influence of food regulations on food supply chain waste valorisation will also be addressed as well as our society's behavior towards food supply chain waste. "There was no ways of Broader contextThe valorisation of food waste is an increasingly "hot" topic, as demonstrated by the publication of several reports on the quantities of food wasted along our supply chains and the increasingly recognised need to both avoid waste and nd new renewable resources. The low efficiency of these supply chains has economical and environmental impacts, wasting resources such as water, energy, labour, land and agrochemicals. While 1 st generation waste valorisation techniques such as AD and composting have some value, the inherent chemical complexity of food waste makes it a very attractive source of higher value products. This perspective article highlights initiatives around the globe on 2 nd generation use of food supply chain waste as a resource, providing a renewable feedstock for diverse sectors of the chemical industry. The review highlights the limitations linked with the use of food waste as a resource, connecting it with social and policy issues, giving for the rst time a complete picture of the state-of-the-art in this multidisciplinary research area and in the light of recent technological advances and the drive towards using waste as a raw material to both reduce the environmental burden of disposal and the concerns about future resources.

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Section: And Scheme 3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Food waste as a valuable resource for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels. Current situation and global perspective

Lin

Pfaltzgraff

Herrero-Davila³

et al. 2013

Energy Environ. Sci.

984

507

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Several workers have reported on polymer synthesis using cardanol as a starting material. The spherical polymeric particles (SPP) have been prepared from CNSL by suspension polymerization technique involving either step‐growth or chain growth polymerization mechanisms . The sizes of the SPP, which ranged from 0.1 to 2.0 mm, were strongly influenced by the amounts of stabilizers in polymerization recipes used.…”

Section: Winery Waste and By‐productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Step‐growth polymerization produced SPP with relatively smaller surface areas and lower adsorption capacities of sodium and calcium ions compared to the particles produced through the chain‐growth mechanism. Other particle characteristics depended strongly on the recipe employed and the surface OH functional groups apparently determine the potential applications of the SPP . Moreover, the development of a new class of polyurethanes from cardanol has been reported, whereby cardanol‐based novolac type phenolic resin was synthesized by condensing cardanol with formaldehyde in the mole ratio of 1:1 using sebacic acid catalyst.…”

Section: Winery Waste and By‐productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and future trends in food waste valorization for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels: a global perspective

Lin

Koutinas

Stamatelatou

et al. 2014

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

172

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Food waste is currently generated in significant quantities worldwide. While most of this has generally few uses different from landfilling or composting, advanced valorization alternatives should be developed to maximize the value derived from such an important waste source. This contribution aims to illustrate a series of examples and current valorization strategies proposed in different countries in order to tackle the food waste issue. Proposed processing schemes involve biorefinery approaches based on both chemical and biological technologies. Important legislation aspects in different countries are also presented. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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“…Cr(III) ions adsorption on the synthesized poly(APP-co-EGDM) particles at different ion concentrations was investigated. The adsorption test was done by batch method as explained elsewhere [19]. Results for the Cr(III) adsorption are shown in Figure 8, with removal efficiencies calculated using Equation (1).…”

Section: Adsorption Isotherm Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Poly(APP-co-EGDMA) Particles Using Monomers Derived from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid for the Removal of Cr(III) from Aqueous Solutions

Wilson¹,

Philip²,

Mdoe³

2014

OJOPM

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This work was aimed at synthesizing Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) based polymer particles for adsorption of Cr(III) ions from aqueous solutions. Natural CNSL was used as a starting material in synthesizing amino pentadecylphenols (APP). This was achieved through isolating anacardic acid from the CNSL via calcium anacardate procedure, followed by hydrogenation of the alkenyl side chains, and subsequently decarboxylating the product to form 3-pentadecylphenol, which was then nitrated and reduced to a mixture of APP. APP were co-polymerized with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) to form poly(APP-co-EGDMA) particles. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by Fourier Transform IR and 1H-NMR. The co-polymer particles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to establish their morphological properties. The prepared co-polymer particles were found to have-NH loading of 46 mmol/g and a maximum adsorption capacity for Cr(III) ions of 16 mg per g of dry polymer particles. The spent polymer particles were recoverable and reusable.

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Preparations of spherical polymeric particles from Tanzanian cashew nut shell liquid by suspension polymerization

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Food waste as a valuable resource for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels. Current situation and global perspective

Food waste as a valuable resource for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels. Current situation and global perspective

Current and future trends in food waste valorization for the production of chemicals, materials and fuels: a global perspective

Synthesis of Poly(APP-co-EGDMA) Particles Using Monomers Derived from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid for the Removal of Cr(III) from Aqueous Solutions

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