Preparing and Etching Titanium to Document Surface Effects

Gammon, Luther M.; Boyer, Rodney R.

doi:10.3139/147.110232

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…4, as de ned by JIS-Z2241 (φ4 mm × 14 mm long at gage-point part); the strain rate was 0.5%/min from the starting point to the 0.2% strain point and 10%/min after the 0.2% strain point to rupture. The β-phase content was measured on the basis of the color difference between the α-phase and the β-phase in optical microphotographs of the heat-treated Ti-6Al-4V alloy specimens; the α-phase appears white, and the β-phase appears black 6,7) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Fe Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Ti–6Al–4V Alloys Produced by the Prealloyed Powder Method

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effect of Fe addition on the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloys was investigated. Ti-6Al-4V prealloyed powders were prepared via a hydrogenation and dehydrogenation process using turning chips of Ti-6Al-4V alloys as the starting material. Mixed powders of Ti-6Al-4V powders and 3-4 mass% Fe powders were consolidated using a hot extrusion process and subsequently hot rolled. With increasing Fe content, the tensile strength and 0.2% proof stress of the Fe-containing alloys increased by 2%-30% compared to those of the Fe-free alloy in both as-hot-rolled and air-cooled specimens. The results also showed that the elongation in the 3% Fe-containing alloys was at least 10%, regardless of the treatment procedure. The balance between the generated martensitic phase and the β-phase ratio in (α+β)-dual-phase alloys appears to determine both the strength and elongation of the alloys. The Ti alloys obtained in this study have strong potential for application in automobiles and aircraft.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Fe Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Ti–6Al–4V Alloys Produced by the Prealloyed Powder Method

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Ti-6Al-4V has a strength similar to steel, while its density is about 40% lower. It is an α + β alloy containing both α and β stabilizers (aluminum and vanadium) [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], which have a better corrosion resistance, a lower weight, and a higher strength [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Scanning Speed on the Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Laser Alloying Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Substrate

Meng

Wang

et al. 2022

Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Laser alloying has attracted significant attentions due to the advantages of high processing precision, good controllability and low heat effects on the substrate. However, the complexity of laser alloying requires further attentions on its processing parameters. This study aims at improving the wear resistance of the Ti-6Al-4V substrate by means of laser surface alloying with Ni-coated graphite (G@Ni). The effect of laser scanning speed is explored. The result suggests that the coating has a high surface quality and excellent metallurgical bonding with the substrate. NiTi and NiTi2 have a eutectic microstructure as well as in the TiC ceramic-reinforced phase as dendrites distribute in the γ-Ni matrix of the coatings. At higher scanning speeds, the lower energy density and shorter existence time of the molten pool refines the microstructure of the coating, improving its microhardness. At the scanning speed of 15 mm/s, the coating has the lowest wear weight loss due to its high microhardness and dense structure. This paper explores the influence of scanning speed on the microstructure and properties of the coatings, expanding the application of laser alloying on the surface modification of Ti-6Al-4V alloys.

show abstract

“…Because of its properties, titanium is one of the more difficult materials to prepare for metallographic examination. [1] [2] This presentation is intended to further illustrate this point. The challenge is to understand and minimize preparation artifacts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Preparing and Etching Titanium to Document Surface Affects

Gammon¹,

Boyer²

2015

Microsc Microanal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Because of its properties, titanium is one of the more difficult materials to prepare for metallographic examination. [1] [2] This presentation is intended to further illustrate this point. The challenge is to understand and minimize preparation artifacts. Artifacts can be introduced if the wrong preparation steps are taken. For example if one used the same metallographic process used on a body centered cubic martensitic steel, then the etched microstructure would not be a true representation of titanium. This presentation will cover: 1) etchant selection and exposure times, 2) effects of mechanical deformation and cold work, 3) heat affected zones and 4) alpha case, a surface enrichment due to oxygen contamination during thermal exposure at temperatures >~540°C. Micrographs and some of the terminology and processes discussed in this presentation can be found in published literature.All materials have unique properties which should be taken into account when preparing and etching cross-sections to bring out its microstructure. While similar to some materials, titanium is one of the most difficult to bring out its microstructure. It is very difficult to not introduce cold work and heat distortion during the sample preparation. There are also a variety of challenges with using etchants with titanium including application and exposure time of the etchant. For an example, one can etch the base microstructure and hide the hydrides A specialized etch is required for hydrides.There is no tolerance for not having a properly prepared sample free of preparation-induced artifacts such as a deformation layer or one caused by heating during preparation which will mask the true microstructure. Selection of the etchant, etchant times, and etchant application method will all impact the final results. Most etchants should be applied by immersing the reagent on to the sample. A chem-milling etchant like Kroll's will work either by swabbing or an immersion (dip). A tint etchant is one that depends on the etching products to remain on the sample, which will align with the grain direction. After application, the tint etchant is very fragile and easily disturbed. If the etchant is swabbed with a brush for example, it will alter and possibly destroy the appearance. After applying the tint etch, just rinse the specimen off with tap water. Do not brush, swab, or wipe off the surface, just rinse and blow dry. With a tint etchant and polarized light the grain aliment will add to or depolarize the light, giving a highly contrasting microstructure.If the specimen doesn't etch it is likely due to sample preparation. The chem-milling etchant feature has an optimum removal depth not to exceed the depth of field of the objective lens, 400 to 1200 microns. Tint etchant products also have an optimum depth build up. If the etch is applied too long, grain contrast will start to fade. The micrographs in Figure 1 demonstrate the clarity differences of the alpha case due to oxygen contamination observed on Ti surfaces, etched with a tint or chem milli...

show abstract

Preparing and Etching Titanium to Document Surface Effects

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

The Effect of Fe Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Ti–6Al–4V Alloys Produced by the Prealloyed Powder Method

The Effect of Fe Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Ti–6Al–4V Alloys Produced by the Prealloyed Powder Method

Influence of Scanning Speed on the Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Laser Alloying Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Substrate

Preparing and Etching Titanium to Document Surface Affects

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About