“…Many educational facilities for healthcare professionals, including residents, medical, nursing, pharmacy, and dentistry students, rapidly transitioned from traditional in-person OSCEs to virtual OSCEs (also described as remote OSCE, online OSCE, or tele-OSCE) (Felthun et al, 2021a;Malau-Aduli et al, 2022). These virtual OSCEs are satisfactory, feasible, and cost-effective as per survey results (Langenau et al, 2014;Shaban et al, 2021;Shaiba et al, 2021), questionnaire feedbacks (Skrzypek et al, 2022;Motkur et al, 2022;Garofalo et al, 2023), empirical analysis (Felthun et al, 2021b;Minty et al, 2022), and descriptive qualitative studies (Shorbagi et al, 2022;Saad et al, 2022;Thampy et al, 2022;). Although three studies assessed the reliability of virtual OSCEs by calculating Cronbach's alphas, and they were about 0.80 (Oliven et al, 2011(Oliven et al, , 2021Porto et al, 2023), a reliability analysis based on G-theory is yet to be reported (Kunutsor et al, 2022).…”