Preprocessing pupil size data: Guidelines and code

Kret, Mariska E.; Sjak-Shie, Elio E.

doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1075-y

Cited by 310 publications

(239 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Our results are important for the mechanistic interpretation of pupil size measurements, a technique whose use is growing exponentially (Kret and Sjak-Shie, 2019). Pupil response is commonly used as a noninvasive peripheral readout of changes in cortical neuromodulatory arousal state (Larsen and Waters, 2018;McGinley et al, 2015b;Reimer et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Graded recruitment of pupil-linked neuromodulation by parametric stimulation of the vagus nerve

Mridha

Gee

Shi

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is thought to alter the state of the brain by recruiting global neuromodulators. VNS is used in treatment-resistant epilepsy, and is increasingly being explored for other brain disorders, such as depression, and as a cognitive enhancer. However, the promise of VNS is only partially fulfilled due to a lack of mechanistic understanding of the transfer function between stimulation parameters and neuromodulatory response, together with a lack of biosensor for assaying stimulation efficacy in real time. We here develop an approach to VNS in head-fixed mice on a treadmill, and use it to show that pupil dilation is a biosensor for VNS-evoked cortical neuromodulation. In a 'goldilocks' zone of stimulation parameters, current leakage and off-target effects are minimized and the extent of pupil dilation tracks VNS-evoked basal-forebrain cholinergic axon activity in auditory cortex. Thus, pupil dilation is a sensitive readout of the moment-by-moment titratable effects of VNS on brain state.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Graded recruitment of pupil-linked neuromodulation by parametric stimulation of the vagus nerve

Mridha

Gee

Shi

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Missing data between blink onset/offset were reconstructed using cubic‐spline data interpolation. This method allows counteracting potential data loss due to eye blinks (see also Kret & Sjak‐Shie, , for a very recent proposal on how this procedure could eventually be further optimised through signal pre‐processing). In the present experiment, we observed an average of 0.83 blinks per trial.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expectancy modulates pupil size both during endogenous orienting and during re‐orienting of spatial attention: A study with isoluminant stimuli

Lasaponara

Fortunato

Dragone

et al. 2019

Eur J of Neuroscience

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We have recently demonstrated that when endogenous orienting of spatial attention is guided by central directional cues that reliably predict the position of lateral targets. Pupil Dilation (PDil) is higher as compared with directional cues that do not predict target position. These findings were interpreted as reflecting different levels of Locus Coeruleus‐Noradrenergic activity during endogenous orienting. In contrast to this, we were not able to highlight reliable differences between PDil responses to infrequent invalid targets that are associated with predictive cues and frequent invalid targets that are associated with non‐predictive ones. These null findings might have been due to the spurious influence of transitory changes in luminance at the moment of target presentation or to the short time window used for the analysis of target‐related changes in PDil. Here, we re‐explored cue‐ and target‐related changes in PDil using cue and target stimuli that were kept isoluminant to their background and long lasting cue and target periods for data recording and analysis. We fully replicate our previous cue‐related results and, in addition, we demonstrate that infrequent invalid targets in the predictive experimental condition evoke larger PDil as compared with frequent ones. Analyses with Linear Mixed Models highlighted that both during the cue and target period, higher levels of PDil were associated with slower reaction times. These findings confirm that PDil is a reliable marker of the expectancy components of endogenous cue‐related and exogenous target‐related orienting of spatial attention.

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“…Samples were then linearly interpolated. Any artifacts due to rapid changes in pupil diameter, as determined by median absolute deviation, were then removed [43]. A 5-point moving average was applied to smooth the samples.…”

Section: Influence Of Tavns On Pupil Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Safety and Efficacy of Transdermal Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation Earbud Electrodes for Modulating Autonomic Arousal, Attention, Sensory Gating, and Cortical Brain Plasticity in Humans

Tyler

Wyckoff

Taylor

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Our work was motivated by the goal of developing a Targeted Neuroplasticity Training (TNT) method for enhancing foreign language learning. To this end, our primary effort was to evaluate new and optimized approaches to noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation (VNS). We considered several Human Factors Dimensions to develop methods that would be amenable to comfortable, everyday use in common training environments or contexts. Several approaches to noninvasive or external vagal nerve stimulation have been described. Transcutaneous modulation of the left cervical branch of the vagus nerve can be uncomfortable for users resulting in a distracting experience, which may not be ideal for augmenting plasticity during training. Transdermal auricular vagal nerve stimulation (taVNS) offers another approach by targeting nerve fibers innervating the external ear. Prior methods have described many different approached using electrode clips on the ear or stainless-steel ball electrodes, which can respectively result in mechanical discomfort and electrical stimulus discomfort due to high current densities. Other approaches use carbon-doped or conductive rubbers, which require wetting. This is problematic since small degrees of dehydration cause significant changes in the electrical impedance of the skin-electrode interface. Detailed human cadaveric studies have shown the external auditory meatus or ear canal is highly innervated by branches of the auricular vagus nerve. Therefore, we designed taVNS electrodes that were fabricated as a biocompatible, hydrogel earbud electrodes for unilateral or bilateral use. We then evaluated the safety and efficacy of these approaches across a range of stimulus frequencies and intensities. We further evaluated the influence of this approach on autonomic physiology by recording heart rate, heart rate variability, skin conductance, skin temperature, and respiration rate. We investigated attention using simultaneous EEG and pupillometry during auditory stimulation tasks. We further studied the effects on sensory gating and plasticity by examining EEG brain activity patterns obtained during auditory mismatch negativity tasks. Finally, we investigated the basic safety and tolerability of the methods and approaches. We found that a simple, dry (hydrogel), earbud electrode design is a safe and effective method for achieving taVNS. Given the safety, preliminary efficacy, and comfort outcomes observed, we conclude taVNS approaches using earbud electrodes warrant further development and investigation as a TNT tool, to mediate human-computer interactions, for braincomputer interfaces, and as medical devices for the treatment of pervasive health disorders.

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Preprocessing pupil size data: Guidelines and code

Cited by 310 publications

References 52 publications

Graded recruitment of pupil-linked neuromodulation by parametric stimulation of the vagus nerve

Graded recruitment of pupil-linked neuromodulation by parametric stimulation of the vagus nerve

Expectancy modulates pupil size both during endogenous orienting and during re‐orienting of spatial attention: A study with isoluminant stimuli

The Safety and Efficacy of Transdermal Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation Earbud Electrodes for Modulating Autonomic Arousal, Attention, Sensory Gating, and Cortical Brain Plasticity in Humans

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