Preschooler Obesity and Parenting Styles of Mothers and Fathers: Australian National Population Study

Wake, Melissa; Nicholson, Jan M.; Hardy, Pollyanna; Smith, Katherine R.

doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3707

Cited by 255 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…A weighted multinomial regression model (weighted by 2008 population weights as specified in the LSAC data set) was fitted to the data using 2008 child weight status as the outcome variable and 2004 maternal and paternal weight status as the predictor. We controlled for a number of parent and child covariates, as used in previous LSAC analyses 14 including child sex (male or female), English as main language spoken (yes or no), number of siblings at 4-year follow-up (none, 1, 2, or 3 or more) and child weight status as measured in 2004 (healthy, overweight, obese). Parent covariates included their education level at follow-up (less than 12 years, 12 years (that is, completed high school), or more than 12 years) and their weight status in 2008 (healthy, overweight, obese).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing and treating childhood obesity: time to target fathers

et al. 2011

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Objective: To examine the long-term effects of having one overweight or obese parent on child weight status and determine whether these effects vary according to parent sex. Design: Prospective study: Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). Subjects: Two-parent families (N ¼ 3285) from the LSAC were included if height and weight data were available for both parents and their child at the 2004 and 2008 time points. Measurements: Child weight status category (healthy, overweight, obese) in 2008 when the child was aged 8 -9 years. Regression modelling was used to investigate how self-reported parent weight status in 2004 influenced measured child weight status 4 years later. Results: Parent body mass index (BMI) was significantly correlated with child BMI, but there was no evidence of sex-specific associations between parent and child BMI correlations. The results from the regression analysis showed that having an overweight or obese father, but a healthy weight mother, significantly increased the odds of child obesity (odds ratio: 4.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01 -17.33 and odds ratio: 14.88, 95% CI: 2.61 -84.77, respectively), but the reverse scenario (overweight or obese mother with a healthy weight father) was not a significant predictor of child overweight or obesity (odds ratio: 2.52, 95% CI: 0.38 -16.71 and odds ratio: 2.56, 95% CI: 0.31 -21.26, respectively). Conclusions: Children with overweight or obese fathers are at a higher risk of becoming obese. This suggests that interventions are urgently required to test the efficacy of treating overweight fathers as a key strategy for childhood obesity prevention and/or treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing and treating childhood obesity: time to target fathers

et al. 2011

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“…Three aspects of feeding previously associated with healthy child eating behavior and weight status were targeted: (1) increased exposure to healthy foods and decreased exposure to unhealthy foods to promote the development of healthy food preferences, [19][20][21][22]32 (2) responsive feeding that recognizes and responds appropriately to infant cues of hunger and satiety to promote self-regulation of intake, 15,16,18 and (3) positive parenting (warmth, encouragement of autonomy, and selfefficacy). [33][34][35] We used an anticipatory guidance framework to provide parents with information about behaviors to expect and constructive ways to manage these, rather than parents seeking advice on established problems. 36 The control group had self-directed access to universal community child health services, potentially child weighing, and information via the Internet or telephone help line.…”

Section: Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Early Feeding Practices Intervention for Obesity Prevention

et al. 2015

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OBJECTIVE: Report long-term outcomes of the NOURISH randomized controlled trial (RCT), which evaluated a universal intervention commencing in infancy to provide anticipatory guidance to first-time mothers on "protective" complementary feeding practices that were hypothesized to reduce childhood obesity risk. METHODS:The NOURISH RCT enrolled 698 mothers (mean age 30.1 years, SD = 5.3) with healthy term infants (51% female). Mothers were randomly allocated to usual care or to attend two 6-session, 12-week group education modules. Outcomes were assessed 5 times: baseline (infants 4.3 months); 6 months after module 1 (infants 14 months); 6 months after module 2 (infants 2 years) and at 3.5 and 5 years of age. Maternal feeding practices were self-reported using validated questionnaires. BMI Z-score was calculated from measured child height and weight. Linear mixed models evaluated intervention (group) effect across time.RESULTS: Retention at age 5 years was 61%. Across ages 2 to 5 years, intervention mothers reported less frequent use of nonresponsive feeding practices on 6 of 9 scales. At 5 years, they also reported more appropriate responses to food refusal on 7 of 12 items (Ps # .05). No statistically significant group effect was noted for anthropometric outcomes (BMI Z-score: P = .06) or the prevalence of overweight/obesity (control 13.3% vs intervention 11.4%, P = .66).CONCLUSIONS: Anticipatory guidance on complementary feeding resulted in first-time mothers reporting increased use of protective feeding practices. These intervention effects were sustained up to 5 years of age and were paralleled by a nonsignificant trend for lower child BMI Z-scores at all postintervention assessment points.WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: "Protective" complementary feeding practices that promote self-regulation of intake and development of healthy food preferences have been positively associated with healthy child eating patterns and growth. There are few high-quality trials evaluating feeding practice interventions; none has reported long-term outcomes. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This large randomized controlled trial demonstrates that anticipatory guidance on the "how" of complementary feeding resulted in more protective feeding practices. These intervention effects were sustained for 3 years and translated into commensurate trends in obesity risk. Dr Daniels conceived the study; led the design, successful funding applications, and overall implementation of the study; and wrote the first draft of the paper; Dr Mallan undertook the statistical analysis and drafted the Results and Methods sections; Dr Nicholson contributed to funding applications, intervention development, and design of outcome assessments; Dr Thorpe contributed to funding application and measure development; Dr Nambiar coordinated study implementation and contributed to data collection and entry; Ms Mauch contributed to the design and delivery of the intervention modules and data collection; Dr Magarey contributed to the design, funding applications, developme...

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“…Some studies have found effects on BMI of fathers' but not mothers' permissive and disengaged parenting styles (e.g., Wake, Nicholson, Hardy, & Smith, 2007) while other studies report no effects of either parents' parenting style on BMI (e.g., . Therefore, although both general parenting style and feeding-related style appear to be important, the nature of the underlying relationship between the two, and the effect on child adiposity, is less clear.…”

Section: Parenting Stylesmentioning

confidence: 99%