Prescription Drug Misuse: Sources of Controlled Medications in Adolescents

Schepis, Ty S.; Wilens, Timothy E.; McCabe, Sean Esteban

doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.09.438

Cited by 40 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…143 Again, use of purchases or multiple sources was associated with higher odds of other problematic substance use and psychopathology in adolescents and young adults. 36,41,82 Theft was also associated with somewhat higher rates of these correlates. 82 Finally, use of physician sources (ie, one's own medication) was associated with higher odds of SUD from stimulant PDM in young adults.…”

Section: Medication Sources For Prescription Stimulant Misusementioning

confidence: 90%

“…102 Findings in individual age groups are consistent with the population-wide findings that link psychopathology and suicidality to opioid PDM. 3,[103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111] In particular, the links between major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms and/or suicidality and opioid PDM are robust and well-established in adolescents, 16,41,81,112 young adults 16,[113][114][115] and older adults (50 years and older), 16,94,97,116,117 with a variety of different data sources used. The psychopathology-opioid PDM link may be mediated by race/ethnicity 118 or age, 119 with those 65 and older having weaker psychopathology-opioid PDM associations.…”

Section: Correlates and Consequences Of Prescription Opioid Misusementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adolescents are most likely to obtain prescription tranquilizer/sedative medication for free from a friend or relative, followed by purchases. 40,41,82 The most common source for young adults is also from friends or relatives for free, especially among full-time college students or recent graduates; the second most common young adult source is from purchases. 36 Adults 18 to 49 years were more likely than those 50 and older to obtain benzodiazepines at their most recent PDM episode from friends or family for free (55.4% versus 45.1%) or purchase them (23.1% versus 8.7%), while adults 50 and older were more likely to use physician sources (40.3% versus 14.9%).…”

Section: Medication Sources For Prescription Tranquilizer/ Sedative Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…124 Physician sources for tranquilizer/sedative medication misuse increase from young adulthood (9.9%) to a peak in those 65 years and older (38.2%), while purchases decrease from young adults (25.9%) to those 65 and older (2.3%). 125 Across age groups, use of multiple sources and purchases is associated with higher relative rates of problematic substance use and SUD, 36,40,41,55,82,125 though even misuse of one's own medication (ie, physician sources) is associated with elevated risk above those without PDM. 70 Notably, use of physician sources may not be linked with lower relative risk in older adults.…”

Section: Medication Sources For Prescription Tranquilizer/ Sedative Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24 The increasing focus on PDM referenced earlier has led to better characterization of prevalence in the wider US population and by different subgroups, including by age, 16,17,24,25 sex, 3,[26][27][28] race/ethnicity, [27][28][29][30][31] sexual identity/behavior, [32][33][34] and educational attainment. [35][36][37] PDM sources have been identified and characterized, 16,18,[38][39][40][41][42] as 2 Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment have motives for engagement. 18,[43][44][45][46][47] While gaps still clearly exist in the literature on PDM, our understanding of PDM has improved markedly since 2010.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective

et al. 2020

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Prescription drug misuse (PDM), or medication use without a prescription or in ways not intended by the prescriber, is a notable public health concern, especially in the United States. Accumulating research has characterized PDM prevalence and processes, but age-based or lifespan changes in PDM are understudied. Given age-based differences in the medical or developmental concerns that often underlie PDM, it is likely that PDM varies by age. This review summarizes the literature on PDM across the lifespan, examining lifespan changes in prevalence, sources, motives and correlates for opioid, stimulant, and tranquilizer/sedative (or benzodiazepine) PDM. In all, prevalence rates, sources and motives vary considerably by age group, with fewer age-based differences in correlates or risk factors. PDM prevalence rates tend to decline with aging, with greater use of physician sources and greater endorsement of self-treatment motives in older groups. Recreational motives (such as to get high) tend to peak in young adulthood, with greater use of peer sources or purchases to obtain medication for PDM in younger groups. PDM co-occurs with other substance use and psychopathology, including suicidality, across age groups. The evidence for lifespan variation in PDM is strongest for opioid PDM, with a need for more research on tranquilizer/sedative and stimulant PDM. The current literature is limited by the few studies of lifespan changes in PDM within a single sample, a lack of longitudinal research, little research addressing PDM in the context of polysubstance use, and little research on minority groups, such as sexual and gender minorities.

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Section: Medication Sources For Prescription Stimulant Misusementioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Correlates and Consequences Of Prescription Opioid Misusementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Medication Sources For Prescription Tranquilizer/ Sedative Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Medication Sources For Prescription Tranquilizer/ Sedative Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective

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Associations of Parental Marijuana Use With Offspring Marijuana, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use and Opioid Misuse

et al. 2019

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Prescription Stimulant Medical and Nonmedical Use Among US Secondary School Students, 2005 to 2020

et al. 2023

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ImportanceRecent information on the prevalence of prescription stimulant therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NUPS) at the school-level among US secondary school students is limited.ObjectiveTo investigate the school-level prevalence of and association between stimulant therapy for ADHD and NUPS among US secondary school students.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used survey data collected between 2005 and 2020 as part of the Monitoring the Future study (data collected annually via self-administered survey in schools from independent cohorts). Participants were from a nationally representative sample of 3284 US secondary schools. The mean (SD) response rates were 89.5% (1.3%) for 8th-grade students, 87.4% (1.1%) for 10th-grade students, and 81.5% (1.8%) for 12th-grade students. Statistical analysis was performed from July to September 2022.Main Outcome and MeasurePast-year NUPS.ResultsThe 3284 schools contained 231 141 US 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students (111 864 [50.8%, weighted] female; 27 234 [11.8%, weighted] Black, 37 400 [16.2%, weighted] Hispanic, 122 661 [53.1%, weighted] White, 43 846 [19.0%, weighted] other race and ethnicity). Across US secondary schools, the past-year prevalence of NUPS ranged from 0% to more than 25%. The adjusted odds of an individual engaging in past-year NUPS were higher at secondary schools with higher proportions of students who reported stimulant therapy for ADHD, after controlling for other individual-level and school-level covariates. Students attending schools with the highest rates of prescription stimulant therapy for ADHD had approximately 36% increased odds of past-year NUPS compared with students attending schools with no medical use of prescription stimulants (adjusted odds ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.20-1.55). Other significant school-level risk factors included schools in more recent cohorts (2015-2020), schools with higher proportions of parents with higher levels of education, schools located in non-Northeastern regions, schools located in suburban areas, schools with higher proportion of White students, and schools with medium levels of binge drinking.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of US secondary schools, the prevalence of past-year NUPS varied widely, highlighting the need for schools to assess their own students rather than relying solely on regional, state, or national results. The study offered new evidence of an association between a greater proportion of the student body that uses stimulant therapy and a greater risk for NUPS in schools. The association between greater school-level stimulant therapy for ADHD and other school-level risk factors suggests valuable targets for monitoring, risk-reduction strategies, and preventive efforts to reduce NUPS.

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Prescription Drug Misuse: Sources of Controlled Medications in Adolescents

Cited by 40 publications

References 34 publications

Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective

Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective

Associations of Parental Marijuana Use With Offspring Marijuana, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use and Opioid Misuse

Prescription Stimulant Medical and Nonmedical Use Among US Secondary School Students, 2005 to 2020

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