Presence and population dynamics of Erwinia carotovora in irrigation water in south central Colorado

Maddox, Dorothy; Harrison, M. D.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1988.tb04431.x

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Physical factors such as temperature, moisture, and pH affect the survival and growth of micro-organisms (Nester et al 1978). Moisture was obviously not a limiting factor for growth of E. carotovora in this study since the environment was aquatic and pH fluctuations in the streams were minor (Jorge 1983;Maddox 1985). Even the temperature, which was expected to have a major effect on survival and growth of E. carorouoru, had limited effects on the detection and populations of the organism in these streams.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

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Presence and population dynamics of Erwinia carotovora in irrigation water in south central Colorado

Maddox

Harrison

1988

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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The presence of Erwinia carotovora in surface and underground (well) water was studied using filter concentration and anaerobic enrichment techniques. The organism was found in water samples collected at sites in mountainous (over 80 km from potato‐producing regions), transitional (upland) and arable regions every month in 1982 and 1983. Filter concentration and anaerobic enrichment of 3‐10 1 of water yielded E. carotovora from 82.8% of the water samples collected from streams, canals and lakes. The organism was detected by direct enrichment of 50 ml water samples in 56.3% of surface water samples collected. Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora was the predominant subspecies isolated. Of 1029 strains, 999 (97.1%) were identified as E. carotovora subsp. carotovora and 30 (2.9%) as E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica. Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica was found primarily in water samples collected in arable regions during spring months. Erwinia chrysanthemi was never isolated. Quantitative bacteriological methods were used in 1982 and 1983 to monitor populations of E. carotovora in two streams in south central Colorado. These ranged from undetectable levels to 8.5 cfu/ml of water in Rio Grande River and Saguache Creek. Maximum populations were usually reached by August or September in both streams in both years. Erwinia carotovora was isolated from well water samples collected in the San Luis Valley, but only 15.6 and 15.4% of the samples yielded the organism during 1982 and 1983, respectively. Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica was found only once, and E. carotovora subsp. carotovora was the predominant subspecies detected. Filter concentration of 3.4‐10.0 1 of water plus anaerobic enrichment of the samples was usually necessary to detect E. carotovora in well water.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Many investigations (McCarter-Zorner er al. 1983, 1984Franc et al 1985aFranc et al , 1985bMaddox 1985) have shown that E. carototmu is common in surface water. However.…”

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confidence: 99%

Presence and population dynamics of Erwinia carotovora in irrigation water in south central Colorado

Maddox

Harrison

1988

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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“…curotovoru survival and in some instances, regrowth. Considering that soil is a complex matrix, changes such as nutrient supplement (irrigation with high nitrate concentrations) can solicit phytopathogens to survive and regrow, enabling infection of a (70 mg I-') at three depths: ., 10 cm; .,30 cm; A, 50 cm variety of plants and causing major crop damage (Maddox 1985). Future studies will be carried out on infection initiation in field crops irrigated with water contaminated with 102-104 cfu l-' Erm.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of the phytopathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora in sterile and non‐sterile soil, sand and their admixture

Armon¹,

Dosoretz²,

Yoirish³

et al. 1995

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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Survival of phytopathogens in irrigation water and irrigated soil is of major concern to the agricultural community. In the present study, an Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora strain was tested for survival capability in three non‐sterile and heat‐sterilized soil matrices (soil, sand and soil + sand) over 35 d. In all non‐sterile soil matrices, Erw. carotovora subsp. carotovora numbers declined below the detection limit over 35 d, the main variance being the decline rate related to nutrients available in the different matrices (soil, soil + sand and sand respectively). In heat‐sterilized soil and soil + sand matrices Erw. carotovora subsp. carotovora revealed a regrowth, while in sterile sand matrix its decline was lower over the same time period. In previous published reports, when soil was sterilized by irradiation, such a regrowth was not observed. Application of an initial single load of sodium nitrate solution (70 mg l−1) was found to extend bacteria survival rate in non‐sterile and sterile soil columns. In sterile soil columns supplemented with sodium nitrate, Erw. carotovora subsp. carotovora did survive well for up to 60 d, with a major regrowth over the first 12 d and decline up to day 60, reaching initial loading numbers. The information on the potential survival of Erw. carotovora subsp. carotovora in soil for up to 35 d and regrowth in sterile soil should be of concern, especially when irrigation is performed with poor quality water.

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“…Although large densities of wildtype erwiniae that occasionally appear in natural surface waters originate from terrestrial rotting plant tissue [28], it is doubtful if the external sources can account for the continuous presence of E. carotovora [12]. Niches may exist in natural aquatic systems where the wildtype can survive for an extended period of time, such as in stream bed sediments [29], or perhaps as pathogens or epiphytes on aquatic plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and ecological effects of genetically engineered Erwinia carotovora in soil and aquatic microcosms

Palmer

Scanferlato

Orvos

et al. 1997

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The release of genetically engineered organisms into the environment has raised concerns about their potential ecological impact. In this study, genetically engineered Erwinia carotovora strains expressing varying levels of reduced phytopathogenicity and wildtype E. carotovora strains were used in aquatic and soil microcosms to assess the survival, intraspecific competition, and effects upon specific groups of indigenous bacteria. In aquatic microcosms, the densities of Erwinia genetically engineered organisms (GEMs) and wildtype strains declined and fell below the detectable limit of plate counts 15 d after the microcosms were inoculated. In aquatic microcosms, engineered E. carotovora did not exhibit a competitive advantage over the wildtype. The effect of engineered and wildtype E. carotovora on densities of total and selected bacteria was not significantly different. Treatment with engineered E. carotovora did not change biomass values of the receiving community but did cause a transitory increase in metabolic activity. In aquatic microcosms, the inability of genetically engineered E. carotovora to persist, displace resident species, or affect the metabolic activity of aquatic communities indicates the low risk of adverse ecological consequences in aquatic ecosystems. Unlike previous investigations involving soil microcosms, densities of both the genetically engineered and wildtype E. carotovora remained at detectable levels over 60 d in both agricultural clay and forest loam soils. The type of soil significantly affected the survival of the GEM and the wildtype. The sorptive properties of clay particles, as well as low concentrations of soil nutrients and organic matter, may have contributed to the unexpected patterns of GEM and wildtype survival.

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Presence and population dynamics of Erwinia carotovora in irrigation water in south central Colorado

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Presence and population dynamics of Erwinia carotovora in irrigation water in south central Colorado

Presence and population dynamics of Erwinia carotovora in irrigation water in south central Colorado

Survival of the phytopathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora in sterile and non‐sterile soil, sand and their admixture

Survival and ecological effects of genetically engineered Erwinia carotovora in soil and aquatic microcosms

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