Presence of a Distinct S3 Layer in Mild Compression Wood Tracheids of Pinus radiata

Singh, Adya P.; Kim, Y. S.; Park, Byung Dae; Chung, Gap Chae; Wong, Andrew H.H

doi:10.1515/hf.2003.037

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…A thin S3 wall layer similar to that found in our mildest grade, MCW1, has been reported in some samples of MCWs of the same species [19, 20]. Such a layer was also reported in the tracheid walls of very MCW in white spruce ( Picea glauca ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The present study showed that the two grades of MCWs we identified, based on the distribution of lignin in the tracheid walls, had tracheid wall structures and polysaccharide compositions intermediate between those in OW and SCW. A thin S3 wall layer similar to that found in our mildest grade, MCW1, has been reported in some samples of MCWs of the same species [ 19 , 20 ]. Such a layer was also reported in the tracheid walls of very MCW in white spruce ( Picea glauca ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

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Tracheid cell-wall structures and locations of (1 → 4)-β-d-galactans and (1 → 3)-β-d-glucans in compression woods of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don)

et al. 2016

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BackgroundCompression wood (CW) forms on the underside of tilted stems of coniferous gymnosperms and opposite wood (OW) on the upperside. The tracheid walls of these wood types differ structurally and chemically. Although much is known about the most severe form of CW, severe CW (SCW), mild CWs (MCWs), also occur, but less is known about them. In this study, tracheid wall structures and compositions of two grades of MCWs (1 and 2) and SCW were investigated and compared with OW in slightly tilted radiata pine (Pinus radiata) stems.ResultsThe four wood types were identified by the distribution of lignin in their tracheid walls. Only the tracheid walls of OW and MCW1 had a S3 layer and this was thin in MCW1. The tracheid walls of only SCW had a S2 layer with helical cavities in the inner region (S2i). Using immunomicroscopy, (1 → 4)-β-D-galactans and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucans were detected in the tracheid walls of all CWs, but in only trace amounts in OW. The (1 → 4)-β-D-galactans were located in the outer region of the S2 layer, whereas the (1 → 3)-β-D-glucans were in the inner S2i region. The areas and intensities of labelling increased with CW severity. The antibody for (1 → 4)-β-D-galactans was also used to identify the locations and relative amounts of these galactans in whole stem cross sections based on the formation of an insoluble dye. Areas containing the four wood types were clearly differentiated depending on colour intensity. The neutral monosaccharide compositions of the non-cellulosic polysaccharides of these wood types were determined on small, well defined discs, and showed the proportion of galactose was higher for CWs and increased with severity.ConclusionThe presence of an S3 wall layer is a marker for very MCW and the presence of helical cavities in the S2 wall layer for SCW. The occurrence and proportions of (1 → 4)-β-D-galactans and (1 → 3)-β-D-glucans can be used as markers for CW and its severity. The proportions of galactose were consistent with the labelling results for (1 → 4)-β-D-galactans.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0884-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Tracheid cell-wall structures and locations of (1 → 4)-β-d-galactans and (1 → 3)-β-d-glucans in compression woods of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don)

et al. 2016

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“…For example, the S2 layer in the tracheids of normal and mild compression wood in conifers have been shown to contain radial features by a variety of electron microscopic techniques, including conventional scanning electron microscopy, high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (Daniel and Nilsson 1984;Sell and Zimmer-mann 1993;Larsen et al 1995;Singh 1997;Singh et al 1998;Singh and Donaldson 1999). For example, the S2 layer in the tracheids of normal and mild compression wood in conifers have been shown to contain radial features by a variety of electron microscopic techniques, including conventional scanning electron microscopy, high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (Daniel and Nilsson 1984;Sell and Zimmer-mann 1993;Larsen et al 1995;Singh 1997;Singh et al 1998;Singh and Donaldson 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The S2 Layer in the Tracheid Walls of Picea abies Wood: Inhomogeneity in Lignin Distribution and Cell Wall Microstructure

Singh¹,

Daniel²

2001

Holzforschung

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Summary Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the walls of Picea abies axial tracheids showed the distribution of lignin in the S2 layer to be inhomogenous. At relatively low magnifications, some parts of the outer and inner S2 layer appeared more electron dense than the mid region in the tracheids which were in contact with or in proximity to a ray. At similar magnifications, the presence of radial and tangential features was observed in the S2 layer of the tracheids which were in contact with or close to rays as well as in those which occurred elsewhere. Higher magnification views showed the S2 layer to be differentiated into electron lucent and dense regions in both radial and tangential directions. A comparison of the counts made of lignin particles in these regions suggested that the differentiation of the S2 wall into lucent and dense regions resulted from inhomogenous distribution of lignin observable at a nano level.

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“…5C). Previously, Singh et al (2003) had confirmed the presence of an S 3 layer in the MCW of radiata pine. The S 1 layer in the MCW of both A. borneensis and D. elatum was relatively thick in proportion to the entire thickness of the secondary wall but appeared to be less lignified compared to the S 2 layer (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Occurrences of Mild Compression Wood in Agathis Borneensis and Dacrydium Elatum

Kim

Wong

2015

IAWA J

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Studies on the compression wood in tropical gymnosperms are uncommon due to their limited distribution and over-exploitation. Microscopic examination of the heartwood of two tropical gymnosperms, Agathis borneensis (local name: bindang, damar minyak) and Dacrydium elatum (local name: sempilor) growing on higher elevations in Sarawak, Malaysia showed the occurrence of mild compression wood. Intercellular spaces were present in the compression wood of A. borneensis, but not in D. elatum. Rounded shapes of tracheids, typical of severe compression wood, were not observed in any of the samples examined. In D. elatum helical cavities were present, which corresponded in location to cell wall checks seen in cross-sectional views. The S 1 layer was relatively thick in both wood species but a distinct S 3 layer was observable only in the mild compression wood of D. elatum. Although the main feature of the mild compression wood tracheids of both wood species was greater lignification of the outer S 2 region, autofluorescence and KMnO 4 staining showed the fluorescence and staining intensity in the corner middle lamella in some cases to be much stronger than that in the outer part of S 2 layer.

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Presence of a Distinct S3 Layer in Mild Compression Wood Tracheids of Pinus radiata

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

Tracheid cell-wall structures and locations of (1 → 4)-β-d-galactans and (1 → 3)-β-d-glucans in compression woods of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don)

Tracheid cell-wall structures and locations of (1 → 4)-β-d-galactans and (1 → 3)-β-d-glucans in compression woods of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don)

The S2 Layer in the Tracheid Walls of Picea abies Wood: Inhomogeneity in Lignin Distribution and Cell Wall Microstructure

Occurrences of Mild Compression Wood in Agathis Borneensis and Dacrydium Elatum

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