Presence of an Unmapped Focus for Urogenital Schistosomiasis in the Tiko Health District in Cameroon: Implications for Control

Anguh, Edith; Ako, Simon Eyongabane; Numfor, Emmanuel; Josiah, Z. Bimabam; Ndassi, Vicky Daonyle

doi:10.9734/ijtdh/2018/43575

Cited by 13 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless, increased risk of schistosomiasis in peri-urban and urban towns is not uncommon. In 2018, an unmapped UGS transmission focus was observed in Tiko, a semi urban town in the THD in the Mount Cameroon area [23]. The current study reveals that UGS varied signi cantly among…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…In the South West Region of Cameroon, records of urogenital schistosomiasis are mostly from rural areas [7,[19][20][21][22]. An unmapped transmission focus has been reported in peri-urban communities in the THD [23]. It remains unknown whether UGS has existed in the THD for an undetermined period or has recently been introduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inadequate water supply and sanitation have been reported as a major concern in the THD [24] and in addition to extensive rural-urban migration probably due to interurban trading or political unrest in the English-speaking part of Cameroon [25], transmission intensity of UGS may be exacerbated in this peri-urban setting. The previous survey conducted in this new focus was geographically limited to a single community and involved only children aged 5-20 years [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution and Factors Associated With Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Tiko Health District, A Semi-urban Setting, South West Region, Cameroon

Green

Anchang-Kimbi

Wepnje

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Increased risk of schistosomiasis in peri-urban and urban towns is not uncommon. An epidemiological survey was carried out in the Tiko Health District (THD), an unmapped transmission focus for urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS), to assess the distribution, intensity and risk factors associated with the occurrence of UGS in the District. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, 1029 individuals were enrolled from twelve communities purposively selected from four health areas (Likomba, Holforth, Holforth-Likomba and Mutengene) between June and August 2018. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic and water contact behaviour. Urine samples were examined for S. haematobium infection using test strip, filtration and microscopy methods. Bivariate and binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of infection. Results: The overall prevalence of UGS in the Likomba, Holforth-Likomba and Holforth was 31.5% (95% CI: 28.3 – 34.8). Schistosoma haematobium infection was not found in Mutengene HA. Infection was unevenly distributed among the HAs, Holforth-Likomba and Holforth being the most and least affected, respectively. The prevalence of infection varied (p < 0.001) among the affected communities, ranging from 0 – 56.9%. Infection status of the community related positively (p < 0.001) with proximity to stream (< 100m), the degree of contact (II) with water and number of improved water sources. Younger age group (5 – 14 years) (aOR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.1 – 12.0) and intense water contact (Degree II) (aOR = 5.2, 95% CI: 3.4 – 8.1) were associated with increased risk of infection as well as higher worm egg load excretion. Conclusion: Generally, THD is a moderate risk endemic focus for UGS but prevalence higher than 50% was observed in some communities. These findings warrant immediate mass chemotherapy with praziquantel to reduce morbidity. Provision of portable water and health education are proposed measures to reduce and eventually eliminate transmission in the area.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution and Factors Associated With Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Tiko Health District, A Semi-urban Setting, South West Region, Cameroon

Green

Anchang-Kimbi

Wepnje

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Typically, UGS is endemic in rural areas of the Bafia Health Area [ 17 – 19 ] found in the Mount Cameroon area. In 2018, an unmapped UGS transmission focus was reported in Tiko, a semi urban town in the THD, Mount Cameroon Area, probably due to human migration and interurban trading which occurs between rural and peri- urban settings in the area [ 20 ]. Moreover, the equatorial climate contributes to establishment of the infection because it provides conditions suitable for the presence of the molluscs that encourage the transmission of this disease in this endemic area [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiological status of urogenital schistosomiasis among reproductive aged individuals in the Tiko Health Area- a semi-urban setting in the Mount Cameroon area

et al. 2021

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Background Urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) caused by S. haematobium has enormous reproductive health consequences including infertility. Reproductive aged individuals are a neglected group and not included in control programs in Cameroon. This study investigated the prevalence and severity of S. haematobium infection in the context of gender and socio-economic structures that shape behaviour among reproductive aged individuals living in Tiko, a semi-urban setting, Cameroon. Methodology/Principal findings A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Tiko Health District (THD) between May to September 2019. Consenting individuals were enrolled using a convenient sampling technique and administered a semi-structured questionnaire to document data on socio-demographic and stream contact behaviour. A urine sample was collected and screened for the presence of S. haematobium ova using reagent strips, filtration and microscopy. The overall prevalence of S. haematobium infection was 22.8% (95% CL: 19.27–26.73) with geometric mean egg load of 18.74 (range: 1–1600) per 10ml of urine. Younger age group (15 – 20years) (OR: 5.13; 95% CL: 1.35–19.42), male (OR: 2.60 3.07; 95% CL: 1.54–4.40) and awareness of UGS (OR: 1.73; 95% CL: 1.02–2.95) were associated with higher odds of exposure to infection. Significantly higher intensity of infection was seen in males, singles and in the age group 15–30 years. It is worth noting that males carried out more activities which entailed longer duration in streams. Conclusion/Significance The prevalence obtained shows that Tiko is a moderate-risk area for UGS with underlying morbidity-inducing infection intensity. The severity of the infection is more in males. Awareness of the disease is not enough to protect these communities from infection, but provision of public infrastructures and health education will limit contact with infested water and thus curtail the infection. There is an urgent need to involve all age groups in control programs.

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“…Schistosomiasis is likely to cause anaemia, stunting and a reduced ability to learn although, the effects are usually reversible with treatment [10,11,12]. In Cameroon, rural areas are the most affected with the emergence of urban urogenital schistosomiasis in the Mount Cameroon area in Tiko Health District, which can be attributed to the migration of individuals from the con ict hit areas of Kumba, Munyenge and Kotto-Barombi [13]. The prevalence of S. haematobium in the Mount Cameroon area ranges from 25.4%-40.27% although, the annual mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns control strategy in SAC has considerably reduced the egg-patent prevalence of the disease [14,15,16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium and Schistosoma haematobium infections as well as haematological parameters in school-aged children in Muyuka-Cameroon: a cross-sectional study on the influence of nutritional status

Sumbele

Otia

Francis

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: School-aged children (SAC) are a high-risk demographic group for infectious diseases and malnutrition. The objective of this study was to assess the burden and the effect of Plasmodium and Schistosoma haematobium infections on the haematological indices in SAC and the confounding influence of malnutrition on the outcomes.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in SAC 4-14 years old living in Ikata, Bafia and Mile 14-Likoko in Muyuka-Cameroon. Anthropometric measures of malnutrition (z-scores < −2 standard deviations below mean) were obtained and blood samples collected were used for detection of malaria parasites by Giemsa-stained blood films using light microscopy and complete blood count analysis using an automated haematology analyser. Urine samples collected were used to detect micro haematuria with the aid of reagent strips and the eggs of S. haematobium by urine filtration technique. Multiple linear regression model was used to examine influence of independent variables on haematological parameters.Results: Out of the 606 SAC examined, the prevalence of single infections with Plasmodium or S. haematobium and co-infection with both parasites was 16.2%, 16.3% and 8.3%, respectively. Overall, malaria parasite (MP), urogenital schistosomiasis, malnutrition, anaemia, haematuria, microcytosis and thrombocytopenia was prevalent in 24.4%, 24.6%, 25.9%, 74.4%, 12.2%, 45.4% and 11.1% of SAC, respectively. A significant linear decline (P = 0.023) in prevalence of P. falciparum infection with the severity of stunting was observed. Factors that significantly (P<0.005) influenced haematological parameters included; haemoglobin: age, stunting and MP; haematocrit: age and MP; white blood cell count: age; red blood cell count; age and MP; lymphocyte counts: stunting; MCV: age; MCH: age and stunting; MCHC: sex, stunting and RDW-CV: sex, age and stunting.Conclusions: Plasmodium and S. haematobium are of public health concern in Muyuka-Cameroon and requires expansion of the existing control measures. Malnutrition, microcytosis and thrombocytopenia are common, and anaemia is a severe public health problem in the community. The interaction between haemoglobin level with malaria parasites, S. haematobium as well as the linear growth index is negative and other interactions indicate systemic inflammation. Hence, the need for regular monitoring to improve the health status of the children.

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Presence of an Unmapped Focus for Urogenital Schistosomiasis in the Tiko Health District in Cameroon: Implications for Control

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Distribution and Factors Associated With Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Tiko Health District, A Semi-urban Setting, South West Region, Cameroon

Distribution and Factors Associated With Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Tiko Health District, A Semi-urban Setting, South West Region, Cameroon

The epidemiological status of urogenital schistosomiasis among reproductive aged individuals in the Tiko Health Area- a semi-urban setting in the Mount Cameroon area

Plasmodium and Schistosoma haematobium infections as well as haematological parameters in school-aged children in Muyuka-Cameroon: a cross-sectional study on the influence of nutritional status

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