Presence of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Romanian Wheat Samples: From Raw Material to Products for Direct Human Consumption

Stanciu, Oana; Juan, Cristina; Miere, Doina; Loghin, Felicia; Mañes, Jordí

doi:10.3390/toxins9060189

Cited by 40 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…In years to come efforts should be made to analyse also emerging Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins, which prevalence we have previously reported in wheat and maize originating from Poland and Hungary (as well as Nigeria and Zimbabwe) [67]. Also, other authors have confirmed the relevance of these emerging mycotoxins in Central and Eastern Europe [68]. These authors reported that enniatin B presented the highest incidence with 41% in wheat and 32% in wheat-based products and maximum levels of 815 μg kg −1 and 170 μg kg −1 in wheat and wheat-based products, respectively.…”

Section: Principal Mycotoxins In Food and Feed In Serbiamentioning

confidence: 82%

Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016

Udovički

Audenaert

Saeger

et al. 2018

Toxins

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With an average annual production of 6.9 M tonnes and 2.5 M tonnes of maize and wheat respectively, Serbia is one of the main grain producers and exporters in Europe. Cereals are also the major staple food in Serbian diet. In view of the high cereal consumption, for human and animal nutrition, the presence of mycotoxins entails a high public health risk of chronic exposure to mycotoxins. This study provides an overview of the incidence of predominant mycotoxins, mainly in cereal and dairy products, in Serbia, in the 2004–2016, using data reported in the scientific literature. The study demonstrated that the total prevalence of aflatoxins was 62.9% (n = 12,517) with 26.2% of the samples exceeding the EU limits during this period. Results obtained for T-2/HT-2 (n = 523), deoxynivalenol (n = 2907), fumonisins (n = 998), zearalenone (n = 689) and ochratoxin A (n = 740) indicated the prevalence of 45.5%, 42.9%, 63.3%, 39.3% and 28.1%, respectively. For these mycotoxins, the EU limits were less frequently exceeded. Comprehensive collection and analysis of all accessible information reviewed in this paper showed moderate incidence and prevalence of mycotoxins in Serbia, with an exception of the 2012 drought year and the 2014 flood year.

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Section: Principal Mycotoxins In Food and Feed In Serbiamentioning

confidence: 82%

Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016

Udovički

Audenaert

Saeger

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…A recent study conducted by Stanciu et al [ 33 ] did not quantify BEA in 40 pasta samples, while ENB was detected in 11% of the samples at average levels of 10.4 µg/kg and ENB in 9% of the samples at an average level 1.9 µg/kg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Evaluation of Mycotoxin Residues on Ready-to-Eat Food by Chromatographic Methods Coupled to Mass Spectrometry in Tandem

Carballo

Font

Ferrer

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Simultaneous determination of twenty-seven mycotoxins in ready-to-eat food samples using “Quick Easy Cheap Rough and Safe” (QuEChERS) extraction and chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem is described in this study. Mycotoxins included in this survey were aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2), enniatins (A, A1, B, B1), beauvericin (BEA), fumonisins (FB1, FB2), sterigmatocystin (STG), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), neosolaniol (NEO), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalanol (αZAL), β-zearalenone (βZAL), α-zearalenol (αZOL), β-zearalenol (βzol), T2, and HT-2 toxin. The method showed satisfactory extraction results with recoveries ranging from 63 to 119% for the different food matrix samples. Limits of detection (LODS) and quantification (LOQs) were between 0.15–1.5 µg/kg and 0.5–5 µg/kg, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of 25 ready-to-eat food samples. Results showed presence of deoxynivalenol at 36% of samples (2.61–21.59 µg/kg), enniatin B at 20% of samples (9.83–86.32 µg/kg), HT-2 toxin at 16% of samples (9.06–34.43 µg/kg), and aflatoxin G2 at 4% of samples (2.84 µg/kg). Mycotoxins were detected mainly in ready-to-eat food samples prepared with cereals, vegetables, and legumes, even at levels below those often obtained from raw food.

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“…There is a high occurrence of BEA in grains and wheat-based products like pasta, infant formulas, breakfast cereals, and biscuits, with incidences between 40 and 90% (Santini et al, 2012 ; Stanciu et al, 2017 ). In recent years, BEA has frequently been reported in different countries (South Africa, Norway, China, Croatia, Poland, Spain, Morocco…) as contaminants of, especially wheat, rye, oats, barley, and rice (Decleer et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Risk Assessment Of Beauvericin In Food and Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Synthesis and Bioactivity Aspects of Beauvericin, a Fusarium Mycotoxin

Patočka

Nepovimová

et al. 2018

Front. Pharmacol.

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Beauvericin (BEA) is an emerging Fusarium mycotoxin that contaminates food and feeds globally. BEA biosynthesis is rapidly catalyzed by BEA synthetase through a nonribosomal, thiol-templated mechanism. This mycotoxin has cytotoxicity and is capable of increasing oxidative stress to induce cell apoptosis. Recently, large evidence further shows that this mycotoxin has a variety of biological activities and is being considered a potential candidate for medicinal and pesticide research. It is noteworthy that BEA is a potential anticancer agent since it can increase the intracellular Ca2+ levels and induce the cancer cell death through oxidative stress and apoptosis. BEA has exhibited effective antibacterial activities against both pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Importantly, BEA exhibits an effective capacity to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase. Moreover, BEA can simultaneously target drug resistance and morphogenesis which provides a promising strategy to combat life-threatening fungal infections. Thus, in this review, the synthesis and the biological activities of BEA, as well as, the underlying mechanisms, are fully analyzed. The risk assessment of BEA in food and feed are also discussed. We hope this review will help to further understand the biological activities of BEA and cast some new light on drug discovery.

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Presence of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Romanian Wheat Samples: From Raw Material to Products for Direct Human Consumption

Cited by 40 publications

References 38 publications

Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016

Overview on the Mycotoxins Incidence in Serbia in the Period 2004–2016

Evaluation of Mycotoxin Residues on Ready-to-Eat Food by Chromatographic Methods Coupled to Mass Spectrometry in Tandem

A Review on the Synthesis and Bioactivity Aspects of Beauvericin, a Fusarium Mycotoxin

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