“…These differences between studies could be due to types of productive systems [20,24], preventive measures used [1,24], or the viral isolate involved [20]. Among the factors that have been reported as risk, there is mainly age, where older animals are the ones with the highest seroprevalence [6,7,12,24,29], sex [1,24], the history of reproductive problems in herds [12,20], and the non-implementation of preventive measures [14,15,18,20,28,29]. BHV-1 antibodies levels frequency in Ecuador was established at 43 % [7], but additional studies have not been reported and the current status of the disease is unknown.…”