Presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity

Abstract

A homeostatic balance exists between the resident microbiota in the oral cavity and the host. Perturbations of the oral microbiota under particular conditions can contribute to the growth of non-oral pathogens that are hard to kill because of their higher resistance to antimicrobials, raising the probability of treatment failure and reinfection. The presence of these bacteria in the oral cavity has been proven to be associated with several oral diseases such as periodontitis, caries, and gingivitis, and systemic diseases of importance in clinical medicine such as cystic fibrosis, HIV, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, it is still controversial whether these species are merely transient members or unique to the oral cavity. Mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between the oral microbiota and non-oral pathogens can also occur, though the mechanisms used by these bacteria are not clear. Therefore, this review presents an overview of the current knowledge about the presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity, their relationship with systemic and oral diseases, and their interactions with oral bacteria. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00203-021-02300-y.

Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiogram of Non-Oral Bacteria Isolates from Patients Attending Dental Clinic at Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Medical Center Enugu

“…Nevertheless, there is a controversy about whether non-oral bacteria are merely transient or unique to this niche but in recent times substantial evidence in different studies has highlighted the role of these bacteria in dental disease either with coordinated co-operative behaviors in the presence of normal oral microbiota [1,6,25,30,31,32]. Additionally, some of these non-oral bacteria isolates from the oral cavity of patients with dental disease in this study, have been reported to be genetically different from strains from other parts of the human body [33], which could potentially lead to another understanding of the ecosystem of the oral cavity.…”

“…However, failure to remove plaque by regular toothbrushing allows them to proliferate, unchecked, and thereby build up in a thick layer, which can by their ordinary metabolism cause various dental diseases to the host [42]. The ability of S. aureus to proliferate in the oral cavity is due to its arsenal of virulence factors that are coordinately expressed during different stages of infection, such as superantigens, toxins such as β-toxin, matrix-binding surface adhesins, biofilm formation, and tissue-degrading enzymes such as proteases, lipases, nucleases, and collagenases [1,31,43].…”

“…Non-oral bacteria are transient or non-resident pathogenic bacteria that are not generally considered a common part of the oral microbiota [1]. The oral microbiota has been reported to contain more than one hundred thousand (1000) species of bacteria [2,3,4] belonging to the genera Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Actinomyces, Peptostreptococcus, Eubacterium, Treponema, Corynebacterium, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Campylobacter, Prophyromonas, etc., [5,6] with only a few proportions of these bacteria are associated with dental disease such as periodontitis, gingivitis, dental caries, etc., [7,8].…”

“…However, the invasion and colonization of the oral cavity by non-oral bacteria such as Staphylococci, enterococci and Gram-negative enteric rods (GNRs) depict an imbalance of oral flora in the oral cavity [6,9,10]. The presence and proliferation of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity have been associated with several oral diseases such as caries, periodontitis, gingivitis, and more systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, endocarditis and cystic fibrosis [1,6].…”

Silver Nanoparticles as Chlorhexidine and Metronidazole Drug Delivery Platforms: Their Potential Use in Treating Periodontitis

“…are associated with suppuration and the advance of PD into a chronic state. 7 , 8 Fungi such as Candida albicans are also indicated as critical for PD persistence and progression, although its role has not yet been established. 9 Contemporary dentistry has yet to find an effective method of resolving inflammation caused by oral infections, possibly because the mechanism of the disease is not yet fully understood.…”