Presence of PAHs in milk of industrial farms from Tizayuca, Hidalgo, Mexico

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cow's milk from industrial farms that are located near an industrial park in Hidalgo, Mexico. It was found that the concentrations of PAHs in the raw milk of cattle from industrial farms have increased in recent years. Composite samples were collected between 2008 and 2010 and analysis carried out according to 8100 EPA procedures and analyzed by gas chromatography with FID detection. The results show that combustion PAHs were mostly Ace, Acy, and Fla (0.25, 0.32, and 0.22 µg g(-1), respectively). Diagnostic ratios were used to show that the probable sources were grass and fuel combustion. The sum of concentrations of 16 individual PAHs did not breach permissible levels in milk (25 µg g(-1) according to the United States EPA), indicating a limited health risk to animals and humans in the study area. The industrial park has adequate pollutant emission regulations.

Distribution and Health Hazards of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Egyptian Milk and Dairy-Based Products

“…This result was consistent with Naccari et al, who analyzed different types of milk using HPLC-MS [16]. The obtained results demonstrated that the presence of PAHs in raw milk was related to environmental pollution [8]. Furthermore, the formation of PAHs in milk can be affected by pasteurization and UHT treatments [16].…”

“…Sanagi et al also proved that many analyzed raw milk samples were contaminated with PAHs and Σ[PAHs] reached 33.3 µg/L [3]. The lack of detection of naphthalene in the analyzed samples was probably due to it being degraded or volatilized during the laboratory work [8]. In this study, we also found that the hydroxyl-metabolites from naphthalene and other derivatives of PAHs (not quantified) were found in most samples, which is presented in Table 4 and Figure 2.…”

“…Furthermore, the formation of PAHs in milk can be affected by pasteurization and UHT treatments [16]. A previous work carried out by Gutiérrez et al assessed that Σ[PAHs] ranged from 1.24 to 1.83 µg/g during their analyses of raw milk samples [8]. Sanagi et al also proved that many analyzed raw milk samples were contaminated with PAHs and Σ[PAHs] reached 33.3 µg/L [3].…”

“…Milk and dairy products are the main components of the daily diet of humans and it is also of special importance as it can act as a complete food source [7]. Besides, milk represents a key component of the everyday diet for infants, school-age children and older children [8].…”

Presencia de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) en leche comercializada en la Ciudad de México, evaluando diferentes métodos de extracción

“…No existe un método oficial para la determinación de HAP en leche, existiendo dos tendencias en la identificación y cuantificación de los mismos: 1) por cromatografía gaseosa empleando detector de ionización de flama y espectrometría de masas (15,16) , 2) por cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución con detector de fluorescencia (7,8,17) . Para obtener mejores resultados en la preparación de las muestras se han empleado diferentes procedimientos que incluyen saponificación, extracción líquido-líquido (LLE) y limpieza por cromatografía en columna o más recientemente, extracción en fase sólida (SPE) (18,19,20) .…”