Presence of Psychoactive Substances in Injured Belgian Drivers

Legrand, Sara‐Ann; Silverans, Peter; Paepe, Peter De; Buylaert, Walter; Verstraete, Alain G.

doi:10.1080/15389588.2012.716881

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Cannabis and alcohol remain the most common illicit and licit drugs detected in drivers and motor vehicle crashes worldwide (Augsburger et al, 2005;Legrand et al, 2013aLegrand et al, , 2013bBerning et al, 2015;Woodall et al, 2015). Although drunk driving has decreased over recent decades (Lacey et al, 2009;SAMHSA, 2013;Berning et al, 2015;), drugged driving has increased (Walsh et al, 2000;Berning et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis effects on driving longitudinal control with and without alcohol

et al. 2016

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Although evidence suggests cannabis impairs driving, its driving-performance effects are not fully characterized. We aimed to establish cannabis' effects on driving longitudinal control (with and without alcohol, drivers' most common drug combination) relative to psychoactive ∆(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) blood concentrations. Current occasional (≥1×/last 3 months, ≤3 days per week) cannabis smokers drank placebo or low-dose alcohol, and inhaled 500 mg placebo, low (2.9%), or high (6.7%) THC vaporized cannabis over 10 min ad libitum in separate sessions (within-subject, six conditions). Participants drove (National Advanced Driving Simulator, University of Iowa) simulated drives 0.5-1.3 h post-inhalation. Blood and breath alcohol samples were collected before (0.17 and 0.42 h) and after (1.4 and 2.3 h) driving. We evaluated the mean speed (relative to limit), standard deviation (SD) of speed, percent time spent >10% above/below the speed limit (percent speed high/percent speed low), longitudinal acceleration, and ability to maintain headway relative to a lead vehicle (headway maintenance) against blood THC and breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC). In N=18 completing drivers, THC was associated with a decreased mean speed, increased percent speed low and increased mean following distance during headway maintenance. BrAC was associated with increased SD speed and increased percent speed high, whereas THC was not. Neither was associated with altered longitudinal acceleration. A less-than-additive THC*BrAC interaction was detected in percent speed high (considering only non-zero data and excluding an outlying drive event), suggesting cannabis mitigated drivers' tendency to drive faster with alcohol. Cannabis was associated with slower driving and greater headway, suggesting a possible awareness of impairment and attempt to compensate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis effects on driving longitudinal control with and without alcohol

et al. 2016

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“…In addition, relevant meta-analyses and critical reviews and relevant websites such as that of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA; www.emcdda.europa.eu) were reviewed for additional relevant publications. This review is an extension of previous review articles [ 15 , 16 ] , including the scholarly review of Strand et al [ 17 ] and includes signifi cant material published later on, including epidemiological and road surveys such as the recent EMCDDA monograph [ 1 ] , publications of Corsenac et al [ 18 ] , Callaghan et al [ 19 ] , Monarrez-Espino et al [ 20 ] , Gomes et al [ 21 ] , Legrand et al [ 22 ] , Dassanayake et al [ 23 ] , Hels et al [ 24 ] and Bukten et al [ 25 ] , among others (see Section "Defi nition of Driving Ability", below), and Pluck et al [ 26 ] and Darke et al [ 27 ] with respect to cognitive function.…”

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confidence: 99%

Opioids and Traffic Safety – Focus on Buprenorphine

Soyka

2013

Pharmacopsychiatry

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Opioids as a class of drugs induce some impairment of driving ability, but less than other psychotropic agents or drugs of abuse. Personality features such as impulsivity, sensation seeking, low risk perception and antisocial behaviour, comorbid psychiatric and neurological disorders and additional substance use of opioid users are of relevance for traffic safety. Buprenorphine does not cause more cognitive impairment than methadone or may even cause less. Caution is required when initiating treatment with buprenorphine. The risk for driving ability impairment is probably less under steady state conditions. Finally, higher doses of buprenorphine are probably not associated with more impairment.

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“…O uso múltiplo de drogas, por si só, já tem sido identificado como agravante para o acontecimento de comportamentos de risco ou acidentes no contexto do trânsito, inclusive com o acometimento de vítimas de morte 38,39,40 . Estudo retrospectivo conduzido na Suécia 40 avaliou as concentrações de álcool e de outras drogas em 895 amostras de sangue de motoristas que morreram em acidentes de trânsito, tendo sido identificado que 1,8% deles haviam consumido álcool e alguma droga ilícita; 3,5%, álcool e algum medicamento prescrito; e, finalmente, 0,9% havia consumido álcool + droga ilícita + medicamento.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified