Presence of Virus like Particles in Human Pathogenic Fungi: Chrysosporium sps and Candida albicans

Sharma, Sakshi; Gupta, Sharmita; Shrivastava, J. N.

doi:10.1007/s13337-011-0048-x

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Recent studies showed an increased burden of M. restricta on the scalp of patients with dandruff, indicating an association between dandruff and the fungus, although its role as a pathogenic organism is still unclear, and host susceptibility should be taken into consideration ( 21 , 24 – 27 ). Most fungal viruses are found in plant-pathogenic fungi, whereas few examples of viral particles have been identified in human-pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans ( 28 ). In the present study, we observed extrachromosomal dsRNA segments in various M. restricta clinical isolates which represented a novel viral genome and its satellite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Virus Alters Gene Expression and Vacuolar Morphology in Malassezia Cells and Induces a TLR3-Mediated Inflammatory Immune Response

Park

Cho

Kim

et al. 2020

mBio

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Most fungal viruses have been identified in plant pathogens, whereas the presence of viral particles in human-pathogenic fungi is less well studied. In the present study, we observed extrachromosomal double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) segments in various clinical isolates of Malassezia species. Malassezia is the most dominant fungal genus on the human skin surface, and species in this group are considered etiological factors of various skin diseases including dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, and atopic dermatitis. We identified novel dsRNA segments, and our sequencing results revealed that the virus, named MrV40, belongs to the Totiviridae family and contains an additional satellite dsRNA segment encoding a novel protein. The transcriptome of virus-infected Malassezia restricta cells was compared to that of virus-cured cells, and the results showed that transcripts involved in ribosomal biosynthesis were downregulated and those involved in energy production and programmed cell death were upregulated. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy revealed significantly larger vacuoles in virus-infected M. restricta cells, indicating that MrV40 infection dramatically altered M. restricta physiology. Our analysis also revealed that viral nucleic acid from MrV40 induced a TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3)-mediated inflammatory immune response in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, suggesting that a viral element contributes to the pathogenicity of Malassezia. IMPORTANCE Malassezia is the most dominant fungal genus on the human skin surface and is associated with various skin diseases including dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. Among Malassezia species, Malassezia restricta is the most widely observed species on the human skin. In the current study, we identified a novel dsRNA virus, named MrV40, in M. restricta and characterized the sequence and structure of the viral genome along with an independent satellite dsRNA viral segment. Moreover, expression of genes involved in ribosomal synthesis and programmed cell death was altered, indicating that virus infection affected the physiology of the fungal host cells. Our data also showed that the viral nucleic acid from MrV40 induces a TLR3-mediated inflammatory immune response in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, indicating that a viral element likely contributes to the pathogenicity of Malassezia. This is the first study to identify and characterize a novel mycovirus in Malassezia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Virus Alters Gene Expression and Vacuolar Morphology in Malassezia Cells and Induces a TLR3-Mediated Inflammatory Immune Response

Park

Cho

Kim

et al. 2020

mBio

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“…In addition, double-stranded RNA virus has been identified in the human pathogenic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis (Kohno et al, 1994 ). A recent study using electron microscopy demonstrated that several human pathogenic fungi were infected by virus-like particles (Sharma et al, 2011 ). However, to our knowledge, no study has clearly identified a virus in the human pathogenic fungus so far.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome Sequence of Dengue virus 3 from the Pythium insidiosum Transcriptomes

Choi

Cho

2016

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Although not as prevalent as bacteriophages, mycophages might represent a treatment option for fungal infections [ 176 ]. Despite not being studied as much as bacteriophages, mycophages have been studied predominantly in Aspergillus [ 177 ], but have also been reported in Candida [ 178 ]. It has been shown that some mycophages can be transferred from Aspergillus to Saccharomyces [ 179 ], demonstrating that mycophages can have a broad host range.…”

Section: Non-traditional Antifungal Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources of Antifungal Drugs

Vanreppelen

Wuyts

Dijck

et al. 2023

JoF

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Due to their eukaryotic heritage, the differences between a fungal pathogen’s molecular makeup and its human host are small. Therefore, the discovery and subsequent development of novel antifungal drugs are extremely challenging. Nevertheless, since the 1940s, researchers have successfully uncovered potent candidates from natural or synthetic sources. Analogs and novel formulations of these drugs enhanced the pharmacological parameters and improved overall drug efficiency. These compounds ultimately became the founding members of novel drug classes and were successfully applied in clinical settings, offering valuable and efficient treatment of mycosis for decades. Currently, only five different antifungal drug classes exist, all characterized by a unique mode of action; these are polyenes, pyrimidine analogs, azoles, allylamines, and echinocandins. The latter, being the latest addition to the antifungal armamentarium, was introduced over two decades ago. As a result of this limited arsenal, antifungal resistance development has exponentially increased and, with it, a growing healthcare crisis. In this review, we discuss the original sources of antifungal compounds, either natural or synthetic. Additionally, we summarize the existing drug classes, potential novel candidates in the clinical pipeline, and emerging non-traditional treatment options.

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Presence of Virus like Particles in Human Pathogenic Fungi: Chrysosporium sps and Candida albicans

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

A Novel Virus Alters Gene Expression and Vacuolar Morphology in Malassezia Cells and Induces a TLR3-Mediated Inflammatory Immune Response

A Novel Virus Alters Gene Expression and Vacuolar Morphology in Malassezia Cells and Induces a TLR3-Mediated Inflammatory Immune Response

Genome Sequence of Dengue virus 3 from the Pythium insidiosum Transcriptomes

Sources of Antifungal Drugs

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