Present‐day deformation of northern Pakistan from Salt Ranges to Karakorum Ranges

Jouanne, François; Awan, Adnan A.; Pêcher, Arnaud; Kausar, Allah Bakhsh; Mugnier, Jean‐Louis; Khan, Imran; Khan, Naim Akhtar; Melle, J. van

doi:10.1002/2013jb010776

Cited by 43 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The BBF is interpreted to merge at a depth in the roof thrust above the HHS. The location of the roof thrust at a depth of about 15 km in the hinterland coincides with the interpretation of the earthquake hypocenter and ductile afterslip along the flat part of BBF (Jouanne et al 2011(Jouanne et al , 2014 and gravity modeling (Khan and Ali 1997). The floor thrust is located at the base of the HHS.…”

Section: Structural Cross Sectionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Khan and Ali (1997) interpreted the MBT as a fault that penetrates to a depth of about 20 km along the NE side of the HKS. Jouanne et al (2014) reported a post-seismic ductile slip at a depth of about 15 km along BBF. The Moho is modeled at a depth of about 65 km in the hinterland of the Himalayas in north Pakistan (Duroy et al 1989;Khan and Ali 1997;Khan et al 2010).…”

Section: Structural Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, some works based on GPS total station observations and geodetic measurements have been carried out to measure post-seismic displacement across the fault and present-day deformation of northern Pakistan (Jouanne et al 2011(Jouanne et al , 2014. They suggest substantial creep of *87 mm/year between 2006 and 2012 along the flat NE of the BBF and 13 mm/year ductile slip along the fault at a depth of about 15 km.…”

Section: Landslidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural interpretation and geo-hazard assessment of a locking line: 2005 Kashmir earthquake, western Himalayas

Jadoon

Hinderer²,

Kausar

et al. 2014

Environ Earth Sci

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The 08 October 2005, magnitude (Mw) 06 Kashmir earthquake occurred along the Balakot-Bagh fault (BBF) with about 30°dip toward NE in the internal part of the western Himalayas in north Pakistan. It was accompanied by a ground rupture of about 75 km with an average slip of about 5 m along the causative fault. The epicenter of the thrust was located at about 19 km to the NE of its surface trace in Muzaffarabad with about 11 km depth of the hypocenter. The geometry of the fault based on a structural cross section has allowed us to interpret it as a thrust restricted to a roof sequence along a triangle zone across the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis (HKS). The triangle zone is occupied at depth by a wedge of the Higher Himalayan Sequence (HHS) in the core zone of the HKS. The core-wedge is bounded between the NE-dipping BBF and SE-to SW-dipping thrust stack of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) along the northeastern and southwestern limb of the HKS, respectively. Based on surface geology, the overlapping BBF and MBT are interpreted to merge at depth in a roof thrust of Pre-Cambrian (Late Proterozoic) rocks above a duplex which is inferred to have a floor thrust in Early Proterozoic/Archean rocks. The core-wedge is located over a ramp which is connected to the floor thrust in the basement. The BBF is inferred to be active, at least since 1-0.5 Ma, with recurrence interval of about 625 ± 125 years. This out-of-sequence deformation is represented by linear seismicity, both along emergent and blind thrusts in the system, with likelihood of major events as a result of strain buildup due to slow convergence rates (*7 mm/year) in the region. Many towns located along the active fault trace were destroyed or largely damaged due to the earthquake. Major destruction of human dwellings and infrastructure occurred as a consequence of earthquake-triggered landslides, mostly along fault, high river terraces, and road cuts. To minimize future damages in earthquake-prone areas, several mitigation measures are suggested including: (1) avoiding new settlements near the fault trace and landslide susceptible areas, (2) establishment of new township schemes in relatively safer areas with earthquake-sustainable structural designs, and (3) extensive forestation for slope stability, erosion control, and provision of wood for flexible earthquake-resistant structures. The measures are needed for the sustainable development of the region.

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Section: Structural Cross Sectionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Structural Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Landslidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural interpretation and geo-hazard assessment of a locking line: 2005 Kashmir earthquake, western Himalayas

Jadoon

Hinderer²,

Kausar

et al. 2014

Environ Earth Sci

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“…Although coverage is sparse in some parts of Tibet (Figure 1), GPS velocities, however, can be used to infer strain rates across the region, and we exploit them here to make such a comparison. confidence ellipses), including some data from other published sources, e.g., Tien Shan [Zubovich et al, 2010], Pamir and Hindu Kush regions [Ischuk et al, 2013;Mohadjer et al, 2010], Himalaya [Ader et al, 2012;Banerjee and Bürgmann, 2002;Banerjee et al, 2008;Bettinelli et al, 2006;Jouanne et al, 2014;Schiffman et al, 2013], and Myanmar [Devachandra et al, 2014;Gahalaut et al, 2013;Maurin et al, 2010]. The India-Eurasia rotation pole for an India plate reference frame with respect to Eurasia lies at 27.46°N…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Present‐day crustal thinning in the southern and northern Tibetan Plateau revealed by GPS measurements

Molnár

Shen

et al. 2015

Geophysical Research Letters

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GPS measurements from sites within the Tibetan Plateau show not only east‐southeast‐west‐northwest extension but also, more importantly, horizontal dilation throughout the interior of the plateau. Assuming conservation of volume, vertical (thinning) strain rates equal horizontal dilation rates, and they, 8.9 ± 0.8 nanostrain a−1 and 7.4 ± 1.2 nanostrain a−1 in northern and southern Tibet, and 12.0 ± 3.2 nanostrain a−1 in its southwestern part, suggest no measureable difference. Principal extensional strain rates also are similar in magnitude and orientation. If crustal thinning began at 10–15 Ma and the current rates of horizontal dilation applied both to the entire crust and to that period, the crust should have thinned by 5.5–8.5 km. If isostatic equilibrium applied, the mean elevation of the plateau would have dropped ~1 km. The similar rates for northern, southern, and southwestern Tibet suggest that the processes dictating crustal extension, normal faulting, and crustal thinning in the three regions differ little from one another.

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“…1). Recent geodetic studies have suggested that the Kalabagh fault is still active, with an average slip rate of around 5.3 mm/year (Chen & Khan, 2010;Jouanne et al, 2014). Moreover, a GPS study indicates that the Potwar Plateau is moving southward at rate of 5 mm/year (Jouanne et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introduction and Tectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active tectonics of western Potwar Plateau–Salt Range, northern Pakistan from InSAR observations and seismic imaging

Abir

Khan

Ghulam

et al. 2015

Remote Sensing of Environment

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The foreland fold-and-thrust belt of northern Pakistan is located at the western end of the Himalayan arc, where salt tectonics is responsible for structural styles, hydrocarbon source areas and seismicity. Three sub-regions of fold-and-thrust belt are the Potwar Plateau-Salt Range, Kohat Plateau-Surghar Range and the Bannu BasinKhisor Range. The difference in deformation intensity between these regions is mainly attributed to the presence, or absence, of an Infra-Cambrian salt layer. This study investigates the active tectonics of the Potwar Plateau and Salt Range region, emphasizing the role of salt, using the Small Baseline Subset Interferometry (SBAS) technique and 2-D seismic interpretations. Ten PALSAR images and four seismic profiles from western Potwar Plateau-Salt Range region were used. SBAS results, derived from PALSAR images spanning from 2007 to 2010, suggest that the Potwar Plateau-Salt Range is active with the western portion of the region experiencing an uplift at an average rate of around 10 mm/year. Two uplift anomalies were observed, which were interpreted as zones of transpression and salt diapirism. Time-migrated seismic profiles show that the salt layer acts as a detachment. Our results show that salt has different roles in different regions of the fold-and-thrust belt; in the Potwar Plateau region the salt layer acts as a detachment, while in Salt Range salt flow-induced structures are prominent. The integration of SBAS and 2D seismic interpretation reveals that the deformation of western Potwar Plateau-Salt Range is influenced by two main faults, the dextral Kalabagh fault and the Main Frontal Thrust. Finally, this work was compared to the Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt in western China due to their structural similarities.

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Present‐day deformation of northern Pakistan from Salt Ranges to Karakorum Ranges

Cited by 43 publications

References 50 publications

Structural interpretation and geo-hazard assessment of a locking line: 2005 Kashmir earthquake, western Himalayas

Structural interpretation and geo-hazard assessment of a locking line: 2005 Kashmir earthquake, western Himalayas

Present‐day crustal thinning in the southern and northern Tibetan Plateau revealed by GPS measurements

Active tectonics of western Potwar Plateau–Salt Range, northern Pakistan from InSAR observations and seismic imaging

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