Present Status of Antifouling Systems in Japan: Tributyltin Substitutes in Japan

Spatial analysis of 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (Sea-Nine 211) concentrations and probabilistic risk to marine organisms in Hiroshima Bay, Japan

“…This latter region also corresponds to a sea route, and there is much boat and ship traffic. This spatial analysis supports the notion that Sea-Nine 211 is used mainly to treat ship hulls in Japan (Okamura and Mieno, 2006). Incidentally, many fishing nets were placed in the vicinity of Atata Island, where fish culture was actively being carried out.…”

“…Sea-Nine 211 has been used in many paint products, especially in three-biocide mixtures that also contain cupric oxide and Diuron (Okamura and Mieno, 2006). Sea-Nine 211 has been detected in seawater and sediment samples from several European countries (Martinez et al, 2001;Steen et al, 2004) as well as from Japan (Tsunemasa et al, 2006;Harino et al, 2007Harino et al, , 2009).…”

“…In Japan, at least 16 biocides, such as cuprous oxide, 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (Diuron), 2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine (Irgarol 1051), triphenylborane-pyridine, and zinc-2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide (zinc pyrithione), are on the registered list of compounds approved by the Japan Paint Manufacturer's Association (Okamura and Mieno, 2006). The Seto Inland Sea of Japan is a confined body of waters with relatively weak tides, and it is bordered by many fishing ports, marinas, and harbors.…”

Acute and chronic toxicities of zinc pyrithione alone and in combination with copper to the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus

“…ZnPT-based antifouling paints have been intensively applied worldwide, especially in Europe and South Korea (Thomas, 1999), and in Japan, where ZnPT and CuPT are the two most frequently used biocides in antifouling products (Okamura and Mieno, 2006). ZnPT can easily transchelate with Cu into CuPT; a partial transchelation of ZnPT into CuPT was detected in seawater with naturally present Cu, and a total transchelation of ZnPT into CuPT was detected when ZnPT was released from Cu-based antifouling paints (Grunnett and Dahllöf, 2005).…”

Effects of metal pyrithione antifoulants on freshwater macrophyte Lemna gibba G3 determined by image analysis

“…has accelerated the use of alternative antifoulants and thus increased the quantity of active ingredients in the marine environment. Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT 2 ) and copper pyrithione (CuPT 2 ) among alternatives are popular booster biocides in many antifouling paints (Okamura and Mieno 2006). The persistence of ZnPT 2 in natural waters is low because of its rapid photodegradation (Turley et al 2000), and ZnPT 2 has not been detected in aquatic environments to our knowledge.…”