Preservation of limbic and paralimbic structures in aging

Grieve, Stuart M.; Clark, Christopher; Williams, Leanne M.; Peduto, Anthony; Gordon, Evian

doi:10.1002/hbm.20115

Cited by 267 publications

(284 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Van der Werf and colleagues propose an important role of this nucleus in controlling focus on the memory content. With age, the thalamus seems to stay relatively preserved structurally (for example, see Grieve et al, 2005). The differential activation we observed is therefore probably compensatory and specific, that is, it might be related to the retrieval of additionally encoded information (neighbouring items) in the condition where this information was given (environmentally rich condition).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Age-effects on associative object–location memory

Meulenbroek¹,

Kessels²,

Rover³

et al. 2010

Brain Research

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Aging is accompanied by an impairment of associative memory. The medial temporal lobe and fronto-striatal network, both involved in associative memory, are known to decline functionally and structurally with age, leading to the so-called associative binding deficit and the resource deficit. Because the MTL and fronto-striatal network interact, they might also be able to support each other. We therefore employed an episodic memory task probing memory for sequences of object-location associations, where the demand on self-initiated processing was manipulated during encoding: either all the objects were visible simultaneously (rich environmental support) or every object became visible transiently (poor environmental support). Following the concept of resource deficit, we hypothesised that the elderly probably have difficulty using their declarative memory system when demands on self-initiated processing are high (poor environmental support). Our behavioural study showed that only the young use the rich environmental support in a systematic way, by placing the objects next to each other. With the task adapted for fMRI, we found that elderly showed stronger activity than young subjects during retrieval of environmentally richly encoded information in the basal ganglia, thalamus, left middle temporal/fusiform gyrus and right medial temporal lobe (MTL). These results indicate that rich environmental support leads to recruitment of the declarative memory system in addition to the fronto-striatal network in elderly, while the young use more posterior brain regions likely related to imagery. We propose that elderly try to solve the task by additional recruitment of stimulus-response associations, which might partly compensate their limited attentional resources.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Age-effects on associative object–location memory

Meulenbroek¹,

Kessels²,

Rover³

et al. 2010

Brain Research

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“…It is possible, however, that age or gender differences between disorders may affect the sensitivity for detecting differences between patients and comparison subjects-that is, age-by-disorder or gender ratio-by-disorder interactions-a possibility not generally addressed in the psychiatric neuroimaging literature. Although possible, this is unlikely, given that the limbic structures in question are among those particularly spared during aging (119) and that none of our cohorts were elderly. Moreover, in our neuroimaging data, the social anxiety disorder and specific phobia data sets showed similar effects (both of which differed from the PTSD results), despite being different in both age and gender.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Functional Neuroimaging of Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Processing in PTSD, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia

Etkin¹,

Wager²

2007

AJP

2,952

172

2,306

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Objective-The study of human anxiety disorders has benefited greatly from functional neuroimaging approaches. Individual studies, however, vary greatly in their findings. The authors searched for common and disorder-specific functional neurobiological deficits in several anxiety disorders. The authors also compared these deficits to the neural systems engaged during anticipatory anxiety in healthy subjects.Method-Functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and fear conditioning in healthy individuals were compared by quantitative meta-analysis. Included studies compared negative emotional processing to baseline, neutral, or positive emotion conditions.Results-Patients with any of the three disorders consistently showed greater activity than matched comparison subjects in the amygdala and insula, structures linked to negative emotional responses. A similar pattern was observed during fear conditioning in healthy subjects. Hyperactivation in the amygdala and insula were, of interest, more frequently observed in social anxiety disorder and specific phobia than in PTSD. By contrast, only patients with PTSD showed hypoactivation in the dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortices and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex-structures linked to the experience and regulation of emotion.Conclusions-This meta-analysis allowed us to synthesize often disparate findings from individual studies and thereby provide neuroimaging evidence for common brain mechanisms in anxiety disorders and normal fear. Effects unique to PTSD furthermore suggested a mechanism for the emotional dysregulation symptoms in PTSD that extend beyond an exaggerated fear response. Therefore, these findings help refine our understanding of anxiety disorders and their interrelationships.Fear and avoidance of trigger cues are common to many anxiety disorders (1) and resemble the arousal and avoidance responses shown by normal subjects to conditioned fear cues (2). Thus, a common element of anxiety disorders may be an abnormally elevated fear response. Based on animal models of fear learning (3, 4), this hypothesis leads to the prediction that amygdalar dysfunction is common to a variety of anxiety disorders. Indeed, amygdalar hyperactivity has been observed during symptom provocation or negative emotional processing in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (5-8), social anxiety disorder (9-14), specific phobia (15-18), panic disorder (19), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (19,20). However, because of the low statistical power of individual studies Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Etkin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305; amitetkin@stanford.edu. All authors report no competing interests. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptAm J Psychiatry. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 April 4. NIH-PA Author Manuscr...

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“…One is the age-related neuropsychological decline in brain regions that are involved in emotion recognition and processing. Although the amygdala, in comparison with other brain regions like the frontal lobes, is relatively preserved through advancing age, its volume has been shown to decrease linearly as people get older (Grieve, Clark, Williams, Peduto, & Gordon, 2005;Zimmerman et al, 2006). According to Ruffman et al (2008), the age-related volume reduction in the amygdala and cingulate cortex would mediate the decline in the perception of sad and scared/fearful expressions that has been observed in behavioural measures.…”

Section: Explanatory Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotion recognition in music changes across the adult life span

Lima

Castro

2011

Cognition & Emotion

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In comparison with other modalities, the recognition of emotion in music has received little attention. An unexplored question is whether and how emotion recognition in music changes as a function of aging. In the present study, healthy adults aged between 17 and 84 years (N = 114) judged the magnitude to which a set of musical excerpts (Vieillard et al., 2008) expressed happiness, peacefulness, sadness and fear/threat. The results revealed emotion specific age-related changes: advancing age was associated with a gradual decrease in responsiveness to sad and scary music from middle age onwards, whereas the recognition of happiness and peacefulness, both positive emotional qualities, remained stable from young adulthood to older age. Additionally, the number of years of music training was associated with more accurate categorization of the musical emotions examined here. We argue that these findings are consistent with two accounts on how aging might influence the recognition of emotions: motivational changes towards positivity and, to a lesser extent, selective neuropsychological decline.

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Preservation of limbic and paralimbic structures in aging

Cited by 267 publications

References 36 publications

Age-effects on associative object–location memory

Age-effects on associative object–location memory

Functional Neuroimaging of Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Processing in PTSD, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia

Emotion recognition in music changes across the adult life span

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