Preserved Omicron Spike specific antibody binding and Fc-recognition across COVID-19 vaccine platforms

Bartsch, Yannic C.; Tong, Xin; Kang, Jaewon; Avendaño, María José; Serrano, Eileen; García-Salum, Tamara; Pardo-Roa, Catalina; Riquelme, Arnoldo; Medina, Rafael; Alter, Galit

doi:10.1101/2021.12.24.21268378

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In terms of responses to VOC, the reductions in anti-S IgG to the Alpha and Delta variants observed in the older adults were similar to other reports in the general population [40]. For the Omicron variant, while reductions in live-virus neutralization in vaccinated serum from the general adult population have been reported, there were no reductions in anti-Omicron S IgG [41,42]. Given the importance of neutralizing and nonneutralizing functions of IgG in conferring protection against SARS-CoV-2 [43,44], the markedly lower anti-Omicron S IgG level in older adults, that persisted after receipt of a third vaccine dose, suggests that this population may be more vulnerable to disease caused by the Omicron variant than younger adults, and that reformulation of vaccines to target the Omicron variant would be beneficial.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Association of frailty, age, and biological sex with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-induced immunity in older adults

Shapiro

Park

Aytenfisu

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Male sex and old age are risk factors for severe COVID-19, but the intersection of sex and aging on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has not been characterized. Methods: Plasma samples were collected from older adults (75-98 years) before and after three doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, and from younger adults (18-74 years) post-dose two, for comparison. Antibody binding to SARS-CoV-2 antigens (spike protein [S], S-receptor binding domain [S-RBD], and nucleocapsid [N]) and functional activity against S were measured against the vaccine virus and variants of concern (VOC). Results: Vaccination induced greater antibody titers in older females than males, with both age and frailty associated with reduced antibody responses to vaccine antigens in males, but not females. ACE2 binding inhibition declined more than anti-S or anti-S-RBD IgG in the six months following the second dose (28-fold vs. 12- and 11-fold decreases in titer). The third dose restored functional antibody responses and eliminated disparities caused by sex, age, and frailty in older adults. Responses to the VOC were significantly reduced relative to the vaccine virus, with older males having lower titers to the VOC than females. Older adults had lower responses to the vaccine and VOC viruses than younger adults, with disparities being greater in males than females. Conclusion: Older and frail males may be more vulnerable to breakthrough infections due to low antibody responses before receipt of a third vaccine dose. Promoting third dose coverage in older adults, especially males, is crucial to protecting this vulnerable population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Association of frailty, age, and biological sex with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-induced immunity in older adults

Shapiro

Park

Aytenfisu

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Although it has been suggested that Omicron is evasive to neutralizing antibodies induced by natural infection from previous variants or vaccine-elicited [ 11 ], we show that HCW who were not infected by Omicron during the five week period of this analysis had higher concentration of anti-spike IgG prior the symptomatic visit, with >1549 BAU/mL being the threshold suggestive of significant reduction in the risk of symptomatic Omicron infection. This might be due to some residual neutralization activity, or that anti-spike IgG recognizes the virus beyond neutralization via Fc-effector mechanisms, as recently suggested [ 12 ]. Protection can be achieved by prior infection (irrespective of the vaccination status) or by recent vaccination, with participants who were unvaccinated or those who received a single dose of Ad26.COV.2, most of whom more than eight months prior, showing significantly lower levels of anti-spike IgG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Symptomatic Infections in Previously Infected or Vaccinated South African Healthcare Workers

et al. 2022

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We investigated Omicron infections among healthcare workers (HCW) presenting with symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and evaluated the protective effect of vaccination or prior infection. Between 24 November and 31 December 2021, HCW in Johannesburg, South Africa, were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection by Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT). Blood samples collected either at the symptomatic visit or in the 3 months prior, were tested for spike protein immunoglobulin G (IgG). Overall, 433 symptomatic HCW were included in the analysis, with 190 (43.9%) having an Omicron infection; 69 (16.7%) were unvaccinated and 270 (62.4%) received a single dose of the Ad26.COV.2 vaccine. There was no difference in the odds of identifying Omicron between unvaccinated and Ad26.COV.2 vaccinated HCW (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.46, 1.43). One-hundred and fifty-four (35.3%) HCW had at least one SARS-CoV-2 NAAT-confirmed prior infection; these had lower odds of Omicron infection compared with those without past infection (aOR 0.55, 95%CI: 0.36, 0.84). Anti-spike IgG concentration of 1549 binding antibody unit/mL was suggestive of significant reduction in the risk of symptomatic Omicron infection. We found high reinfection and vaccine breakthrough infection rates with the Omicron variant among HCW. Prior infection and high anti-spike IgG concentration were protective against Omicron infection.

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“…The three vaccines viz. BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 mRNA vaccines, and CoronaVac presented a persisting higher opsonophagocytic FcγR2a and cytotoxic FcγR3a receptor binding activity that continued to recognize, bind, and clear the virus even in the absence of antibody mediated neutralizing activity ( Bartsch et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: What If Neutralizing Antibodies Are Partially Effective Against Omicronmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, salient features, high global health concerns and strategies to counter it amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

Khandia

Singhal

Alqahtani

et al. 2022

Environmental Research

248

196

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Since the appearance in the late of December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 is rapidly evolving and mutating continuously, giving rise to various variants with variable degrees of infectivity and lethality. The virus that initially appeared in China later mutated several times, wreaking havoc and claiming many lives worldwide amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. After Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants, the most recently emerged variant of concern (VOC) is the Omicron (B.1.1.529) that has evolved due to the accumulation of high numbers of mutations especially in the spike protein, raising concerns for its ability to evade from pre-existing immunity acquired through vaccination or natural infection as well as overpowering antibodies-based therapies. Several theories are on the surface to explain how the Omicron has gathered such a high number of mutations within less time. Few of them are higher mutation rates within a subgroup of population and then its introduction to a larger population, long term persistence and evolution of the virus in immune-compromised patients, and epizootic infection in animals from humans, where under different immune pressures the virus mutated and then got reintroduced to humans. Multifaceted approach including rapid diagnosis, genome analysis of emerging variants, ramping up of vaccination drives and receiving booster doses, efficacy testing of vaccines and immunotherapies against newly emerged variants, updating the available vaccines, designing of multivalent vaccines able to generate hybrid immunity, up-gradation of medical facilities and strict implementation of adequate prevention and control measures need to be given high priority to handle the on-going SARS-CoV-2 pandemic successfully.

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Preserved Omicron Spike specific antibody binding and Fc-recognition across COVID-19 vaccine platforms

Cited by 22 publications

References 25 publications

Association of frailty, age, and biological sex with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-induced immunity in older adults

Association of frailty, age, and biological sex with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-induced immunity in older adults

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Symptomatic Infections in Previously Infected or Vaccinated South African Healthcare Workers

Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, salient features, high global health concerns and strategies to counter it amid ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

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