Preserving and Using Germplasm and Dissociated Embryonic Cells for Conserving Caribbean and Pacific Coral

Hagedorn, Mary; Carter, Virginia L.; Martorana, Kelly; Paresa, Malia K.; Acker, Jason P.; Baums, Iliana B.; Borneman, Eric H.; Brittsan, Michael; Byers, Michael A.; Henley, Michael; Laterveer, Michaël; Leong, Jo‐Ann C.; McCarthy, Maureen I.; Meyers, Stuart A.; Nelson, Brian D.; Petersen, Dirk; Tiersch, Terrence R.; Uribe, Rafael Cuevas; Woods, Erik J.; Wildt, David E.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033354

Cited by 54 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Gametes were collected using different approaches for each species, as described previously (Hagedorn et al 2012(Hagedorn et al , 2015b. Briefly, whole F. scutaria were collected on over 16 patch reefs throughout Kaneohe Bay in June 2015.…”

Section: Gamete Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sperm motility and concentration assessments Sperm motility was assessed for each individual, colony or wildcaught pooled sample before deciding whether to include those spermatozoa in subsequent experiments as reported in previous studies (Hagedorn et al 2012). Each night, a low threshold of motility was determined and spermatozoa below that threshold were not used further.…”

Section: Egg Morphometry and Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each night, a low threshold of motility was determined and spermatozoa below that threshold were not used further. From previous studies (Hagedorn et al 2012), we have determined some guidelines for rapid assessments once the spermatozoa are collected. This was important because the time available to work with coral spermatozoa was limited to 2-5 h, depending on the species.…”

Section: Egg Morphometry and Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of sperm concentration, the low threshold depends on how the spermatozoa will be used after thawing. For fresh spermatozoa, concentrations ranging from 10 4 to 10 6 cells mL À1 in the in vitro culture are successful, depending on the species (Hagedorn et al 2012). Generally, we used twice to three times this concentration in the in vitro culture with cryopreserved spermatozoa because its post-thaw motility is often 50% less than its starting value.…”

Section: Egg Morphometry and Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, we were interested in detailing the reproductive profile of Fungia scutaria and Montipora capitata coral populations in Kaneohe Bay (most of which bleached in October 2014), 9 months after their recovery. We compared the details of their post-bleaching reproductive profile to the more than 30 years of reproductive data on F. scutaria in Kaneohe Bay (Krupp 1983;Schwarz et al 1999;Hagedorn et al 2006Hagedorn et al , 2010Hagedorn et al , 2012Hagedorn et al , 2015a) and the almost 20 years of data for M. capitata reproduction (Field 1998;Cox 2007;Padilla-Gamiño et al 2011, 2014PadillaGamiño and Gates 2012;Hagedorn et al 2015b). Nevertheless, without consistent yearly reproductive profiles assessed in a similar manner, these historical comparisons can only be suggestive at best.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential bleaching effects on coral reproduction

Hagedorn

Carter

Lager

et al. 2016

Reprod. Fertil. Dev.

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Abstract. Bleaching profoundly impacts coral reproduction, often for years after an event. However, detailed reproductive characteristics of coral after bleaching have not been broadly described, especially as they relate to cryopreservation. Therefore, in the present study we measured several reproductive characteristics in coral in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, for two species, namely Fungia scutaria and Montipora capitata, during the bleaching period of 2014 and 2015. We examined spawning periods, egg morphometry, sperm concentration, fresh and cryopreserved sperm motility exposed to different concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide, time of first cleavage, larval survival with fresh and cryopreserved spermatozoa, infection success and settlement success. Many of these reproductive parameters were reduced in 2015, especially sperm motility. Once the reduced-motility spermatozoa from 2015 post-bleach were cryopreserved, there was a steep decline in post-thaw viability and this would prevent any substantive further use of these samples in reproduction for conservation benefit. Worldwide, as bleaching events become more frequent, the ability to bank and conserve coral ex situ may be significantly reduced. Thus, it is imperative that while genetic diversity is still high in these populations, intensive efforts are made to bank coral species during non-bleaching periods.

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Section: Gamete Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Egg Morphometry and Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Egg Morphometry and Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Egg Morphometry and Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential bleaching effects on coral reproduction

Hagedorn

Carter

Lager

et al. 2016

Reprod. Fertil. Dev.

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Zooxanthellae Viability Assay

Burtscher¹,

May²,

Downs³

et al. 2015

Diseases of Coral

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Considerations for maximizing the adaptive potential of restored coral populations in the western Atlantic

Baums

Baker

Davies

et al. 2019

Ecological Applications

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193

198

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Active coral restoration typically involves two interventions: crossing gametes to facilitate sexual larval propagation; and fragmenting, growing, and outplanting adult colonies to enhance asexual propagation. From an evolutionary perspective, the goal of these efforts is to establish self-sustaining, sexually reproducing coral populations that have sufficient genetic and phenotypic variation to adapt to changing environments. Here, we provide concrete guidelines to help restoration practitioners meet this goal for most Caribbean species of interest. To enable the persistence of coral populations exposed to severe selection pressure from many stressors, a mixed provenance strategy is suggested: genetically unique colonies (genets) should be sourced both locally as well as from more distant, environmentally distinct sites. Sourcing three to four genets per reef along environmental gradients should be sufficient to capture a majority of intraspecies genetic diversity. It is best for practitioners to propagate genets with one or more phenotypic traits that are predicted to be valuable in the future, such as low partial mortality, high wound healing rate, high skeletal growth rate, bleaching resilience, infectious disease resilience, and high sexual reproductive output. Some effort should also be reserved for underperforming genets because colonies that grow poorly in nurseries sometimes thrive once returned to the reef and may harbor genetic variants with as yet unrecognized value. Outplants should be clustered in groups of four to six genets to enable successful fertilization upon maturation. Current evidence indicates that translocating genets among distant reefs is unlikely to be problematic from a population genetic perspective but will likely provide substantial adaptive benefits. Similarly, inbreeding depression is not a concern given that current practices only raise first-generation offspring. Thus, proceeding with the proposed management strategies even in the absence of a detailed population genetic analysis of the focal species at sites targeted for restoration is the best course of action. These basic guidelines should help maximize the adaptive potential of reef-building corals facing a rapidly changing environment.

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Preserving and Using Germplasm and Dissociated Embryonic Cells for Conserving Caribbean and Pacific Coral

Cited by 54 publications

References 57 publications

Potential bleaching effects on coral reproduction

Potential bleaching effects on coral reproduction

Zooxanthellae Viability Assay

Considerations for maximizing the adaptive potential of restored coral populations in the western Atlantic

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