“…From a theoretical perspective, academic knowledge of organizational crisis preparedness (OCP) can be found in various disciplines, such as leadership (Alvinius et al , 2010a, 2010b; Alvinius, 2013), gender perspectives (Mano‐Negrin and Sheaffer, 2004), education institutions (Burrell and Heiselt, 2012) and crisis communication planning (Lando, 2014). In the hospitality crisis management context, scholars have also suggested an integrated model or framework from different theoretical lens is necessary (Amore et al , 2018; Bramwell, 2015; Leta and Chan, 2021).…”