“…QS mechanism regulation has been regarded as the main reason for the regulation of EPS production, adjusting bacterial abundance and maintaining functional bacterial activity, especially under antibiotics stress [ 10 ]. After the QS system was activated, second messenger molecules such as N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) were synthesized, which led to the main expression of intracellular genes of sludge [ 45 ], especially the genes related to overexpressed pressure induction, transcriptional regulation and EPS synthesis (such as lapA and lapF ) [ [46] , [47] , [48] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Performance and Potential Mechanisms Of Eps Resistance To An...mentioning
“…QS mechanism regulation has been regarded as the main reason for the regulation of EPS production, adjusting bacterial abundance and maintaining functional bacterial activity, especially under antibiotics stress [ 10 ]. After the QS system was activated, second messenger molecules such as N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) were synthesized, which led to the main expression of intracellular genes of sludge [ 45 ], especially the genes related to overexpressed pressure induction, transcriptional regulation and EPS synthesis (such as lapA and lapF ) [ [46] , [47] , [48] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Performance and Potential Mechanisms Of Eps Resistance To An...mentioning
“…In the presence of sub-MICs of cefotaxime, the biomass increased and was positively related to the antibiotic concentration ( Hennequin et al, 2012 ). When CRKP strain was under antibiotic pressure, the expression of the Psp and Pho family genes [PspB-PspC complex is a pressure receptor that plays a role in molecular switch during the process of biofilm pressure response ( Flores-Kim and Darwin, 2016 )] was induced, thus further mediating the downstream stress responses, and compensating for the adsorption, colonization, and biofilm formation ( Bowen et al, 2021 ). Cadavid et al (2018) found that in K. pneumoniae , hydrochlorothiazide and acetaminophen could promote biofilm formation.…”
Section: Other Factors Affecting Biofilm Formation Of
Klebs...mentioning
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that is responsible for a variety of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Klebsiella pneumoniae has become a major public health issue owing to the rapid global spread of extensively-drug resistant (XDR) and hypervirulent strains. Biofilm formation is an important virulence trait of K. pneumoniae. A biofilm is an aggregate of microorganisms attached to an inert or living surface by a self-produced exo-polymeric matrix that includes proteins, polysaccharides and extracellular DNA. Bacteria within the biofilm are shielded from antibiotics treatments and host immune responses, making it more difficult to eradicate K. pneumoniae-induced infection. However, the detailed mechanisms of biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae are still not clear. Here, we review the factors involved in the biofilm formation of K. pneumoniae, which might provide new clues to address this clinical challenge.
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