Pressure-Volume-Temperature relations of liquid He3 from 1.00 to 3.30°K

Sherman, R.H.; Edeskuty, F.J.

doi:10.1016/0003-4916(60)90107-x

Cited by 144 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…So it is impossible to cool below 2 K with 4 He. For 3 He, a V 0 at 15 bar at temperatures about 1 K [10]. Fig.…”

Section: Theoretical Analysismentioning

confidence: 91%

A pulse tube refrigerator below 2 K

Waele

1999

Cryogenics

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Up to now, all pulse tube refrigerators operating at the liquid helium temperature range use 4 He as the working¯uid. However, the lambda transition of 4 He is a barrier for reaching temperatures below 2 K. Theoretical analysis in this paper shows that, using 3 He, the temperature limit is below 2 K, and the eciency of a 4 K pulse tube refrigerator can be improved signi®cantly. A threestage pulse tube refrigerator is constructed. A compressor with input power of 4 kW and a rotary valve are used to generate the pressure oscillations. With 4 He, a minimum average temperature of 2.19 K was reached. Replacing 4 He by 3 He, at the same valve settings and operating parameters, the minimum average temperature goes down to 1.87 K and the cooling power at 4.2 K is enhanced about 60%. After ®ne tuning of the valves, a minimum average temperature of 1.78 K was obtained. This is the lowest temperature achieved by mechanical refrigerators. Ó

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“…So it is impossible to cool below 2 K with 4 He. For 3 He, a V 0 at 15 bar at temperatures about 1 K [10]. Fig.…”

Section: Theoretical Analysismentioning

confidence: 91%

A pulse tube refrigerator below 2 K

Waele

1999

Cryogenics

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“…The molar volume, isothermal compressibility and expansion coefficient of pure 3 He as a function of pressure and temperature is also available from a number of sources [16,59,60]…”

Section: Calculation Of the Mixture Molar Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid 3He-4He Mixtures Between 0.15 K and 1.8 K

Chaudhry

Brisson

2009

J Low Temp Phys

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Thermodynamic property relations for liquid [3][4] He mixtures between temperatures of 0.15 K and 1.8 K are determined. The relations are valid over the entire concentration range. Thermodynamic properties are first calculated at saturated pressure (which is more or less equal to zero pressure) in the two-phase region, and then extended to the single-phase He-II (up to 1.8 K) and He-I (up to 1.5 K) regions. The calculations at saturated pressure are based on available specific heat data and previously determined sub-0.15 K properties. The property relations are then extended to higher pressures (up to 10 bar) between 0.15 K and 1.5 K, using available molar volume data. The results are largely in good agreement with some other 3 He-4 He mixture property data, though the scarcity of experimental data in large parts of the region of interest precludes a more thorough comparison. Applications of the derived properties to components of sub-Kelvin refrigerators, specifically He-II mixture heat exchangers and He-II mixture throttles, are also discussed.

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“…So the lowest temperature, that can be reached with PTR's, is the temperature where α V = 0. For 4 He this is just above the lambda point and for 3 He at 15 bar it is 1.04 K [29]. The lowest temperature, reached in experiment, is 1.27 K, [20] so very close to the theoretical minimum.…”

Section: Cooling Powermentioning

confidence: 54%

“…If, in addition to the conditions mentioned above, the system is closed all * V k = 0 so, with (181), Equation (29) reduces to V γp dp dt = − dV dt (adiabatic, closed).…”

Section: The Volume-flow Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Basic Operation of Cryocoolers and Related Thermal Machines

Waele

2011

J Low Temp Phys

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This paper deals with the basics of cryocoolers and related thermodynamic systems. The treatment is based on the first and second law of thermodynamics for inhomogeneous, open systems using enthalpy flow, entropy flow, and entropy production. Various types of machines, which use an oscillating gas flow, are discussed such as: Stirling refrigerators, GM coolers, pulse-tube refrigerators, and thermoacoustic coolers and engines. Furthermore the paper deals with Joule-Thomson and dilution refrigerators which use a constant flow of the working medium.

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Pressure-Volume-Temperature relations of liquid He3 from 1.00 to 3.30°K

Cited by 144 publications

References 18 publications

A pulse tube refrigerator below 2 K

A pulse tube refrigerator below 2 K

Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid 3He-4He Mixtures Between 0.15 K and 1.8 K

Basic Operation of Cryocoolers and Related Thermal Machines

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