Pressurized PEM water electrolysis: Dynamic modelling focusing on the cathode side

Non-precious metal-based catalysts for water electrolysis to produce H2 under industrial conditions

“…[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71] The PEMWE system is more efficient and expensive than the AWE system because it uses high-activity platinum group metal-based materials as cathode electrodes for the HER [72][73][74] and RuO 2 /IrO 2 -based materials as anode electrodes for the OER. 68,75,76 PEMWE, on the other hand, provides a strong acid environment for electrodes, making the utilization of noble metal-based materials currently an intractable difficulty because the best alternative to precious metals has yet to be discovered. [77][78][79][80] Therefore, exploiting economic catalysts is a main challenge for PEMWE.…”

An Overview of Hydrogen Energy Generation

“…The energy efficiency of the cell is the ratio of the obtainable energy from the hydrogen generated by the cell, using the heating value of hydrogen, to the energy expended by the cell [17]. Water electrolysis can be classified into three classes based on the operating temperature: low temperature (lower than 300 • C), intermediate temperature (300-700 • C), and high temperature (higher than 700 • C and below 1000 • C) [18]. There are six main technologies used in the water electrolysis domain: the alkaline electrolyzer, electrolysis with a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis, steam electrolysis using a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC), anion exchange membrane (AEM), plasma electrolysis, and seawater electrolysis (Figure 4a,b).…”

“…This can be explained by the oxidation of the porous titanium, which acted as the transport player and the fluffy membrane [33]. In addition, the degradation can be caused by mechanical degeneration [34], active material losses [18], and material caducity [35]. The rise in operating temperature has a positive impact on the efficiency and the power efficiency of the PEM system owing to the low quantity of electricity needed by a cell that lessens with the rise of temperature [36].…”

Recent advances in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis

“…The overall electrolysis voltage increase mainly arises from the overpotential at the cathode, e.g., 78% of the voltage change was observed when the operating pressure was increased from 10 to 50 bar at 0.9 A cm À2 and 55 1C. 254 Moreover, high pressure increases gas cross-permeation risks due to the improved solubility and mobility of H 2 /O 2 , especially at low current densities. 255 PEMWEs operating at high pressures can successfully generate H 2 potentially for direct storage or utilization in industrial applications.…”