Presumptive tick paralysis in 2 American Miniature horses in the United States

Trumpp, Kelsey M.; Parsley, Ashley L.; Lewis, Melissa J.; Camp, Joseph W.; Taylor, Sandra

doi:10.1111/jvim.15540

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This case is an example of the rare chronic, neurological form of Anaplasma phagoctiphilium infection in a horse. In other countries, acute cases of horses' neurological disorders have been reported (15,22,42).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The determination of the actual correlation between anaplasmosis and cerebral infarction requires further research. It should also be determined whether cerebral infarctions can result from thrombosis caused by damage to endothelial cells, which may by hypothetically triggered by A. phagocytophilum, or as in other cases of rickettsia, by platelet diffusion (16,22).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The course of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis may be sub-clinical or acute (7,8,10,29). Pyrexia, anorexia, limb oedema, icterus, petechiae, reluctance to move, and ataxia are typical clinical signs of EGA, whereas rare symptoms include recumbency (29) or rhabdomyolysis (18), cavitary effusion (33), and presumptive tick paralysis (22). Additionally, in experimentally infected horses transient systolic heart murmur has been reported (11).…”

Section: Praca Oryginalnamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Horse anaplasmosis as a cause of CNS infections and the use of computed tomography as a diagnostic imaging tool to present of its cerebral form: literature review supplemented with a clinical case

NOWICKA¹,

POLKOWSKA²,

Adaszek³

et al. 2022

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an intracellular bacteria that causes several non-specific symptoms (for instance, horse lying down), posing problems in differential diagnosis. Usually, symptoms appear few days after tick exposure. Less often their neurological forms are observed to be correlated with visible neuroanatomical localization, with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MRI). The aim of this paper is to present the review of a neurological form of EGA in a horse as well as localization of hypodense cerebral changes with the use of CT. This work also describes a case of a horse suffering from anaplasmosis confirmed by positive PCR results for Anaplasma phagocytophilum from peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid, four months after exposure to ticks. In 30% of such cases blood smear tests showed no evidence of bacteria. Hypodense lesions were observed in the CT scan of the brain and brainstem. As demonstrated by literature in humans, anaplasmosis can be considered in differential diagnosis as a potential cause of non-specific neurological symptoms, particularly in areas endemic for anaplasmosis, where animals are exposed to contact with ticks. Possible neurological complications in horses as a result of anaplasmosis have been reported but there are no reports on the identification and diagnosis of the brain in cerebral anaplasmosis by using CT or MRI imaging tools. So far, such a diagnostic procedure in the case of tick diseases has been identified in case of humans only.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Praca Oryginalnamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Horse anaplasmosis as a cause of CNS infections and the use of computed tomography as a diagnostic imaging tool to present of its cerebral form: literature review supplemented with a clinical case

NOWICKA¹,

POLKOWSKA²,

Adaszek³

et al. 2022

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Additionally, D. variabilis can vector Francisella tularensis, the cause of tularemia [15,16], other parasites including Babesisa sp. [17], known or suspected pathogenic viruses [18][19][20], and additionally can cause tick paralysis disease [21,22]. D. variabilis has been found to be infected with Cytauxzoon felis, which causes serious feline disease [23,24], Anaplasma phagocytophilum and A. marginale [25,26], which cause human and bovine anaplasmosis, respectively, and E. chaffeensis and E. ewingii, agents of human ehrlichiosis in some [26][27][28], but not all [29], cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment and range expansion of Dermacentor variabilis in the northern Maritimes of Canada: Community participatory science documents establishment of an invasive tick species

Kirby,

Evans,

Bishop

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Tick populations are dependent on a complex interplay of abiotic and biotic influences, many of which are influenced by anthropic factors including climate change. Dermacentor variabilis, the wood tick or American dog tick, is a hardy tick species that feeds from a wide range of mammals and birds that can transmit pathogens of medical and agricultural importance. Significant range expansion across North America has been occurring over the past decades;this study documents northwards range expansion in the Canadian Maritime provinces. Tick recoveries from passive surveillance between 2012 and 2021 were examined to assess northward population expansion through Atlantic Canada. At the beginning of this period, D. variabilis was abundant in the most southerly province, Nova Scotia, but was not considered established in the province to the north, New Brunswick. During the 10-year span covered by this study, an increasing number of locally acquired ticks were recovered in discrete foci, suggesting small established or establishing populations in southern and coastal New Brunswick. The pattern of population establishment follows the climate-driven establishment pattern of Ixodes scapularis to some extent but there is also evidence of successful seeding of disjunct populations in areas identified as sub-optimal for tick populations. Dogs were the most common host from which these ticks were recovered, which raises the possibility of human activity, via movement of companion animals, having a significant role in establishing new populations of this species. Dermacentor variabilis is a vector of several pathogens of medical and agricultural importance but is not considered to be a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agent of Lyme disease; our molecular analysis of a subset of D. variabilis for both B. burgdorferi and B. miyamotoi did not confirm any with Borrelia. This study spans the initial establishment of this tick species and documents the pattern of introduction, providing a relatively unique opportunity to examine the first stages of range expansion of a tick species.

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“…Ticks commonly infest horses in North America, causing localized inflammation and dermal trauma, and sometimes resulting in transmission of pathogens or systemic reactions [ 1 – 5 ]. Ixodid ticks most frequently identified from horses in the USA include Ixodes scapularis , which transmits Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum , both of which have been shown to cause equine disease; Amblyomma americanum , which can induce localized reactions; and Dermacentor variabilis , a species associated with equine tick paralysis and experimentally competent for transmission of Theileria equi [ 1 , 3 , 6 – 10 ]. Although considered of greater concern for cattle, horses in some areas of the USA can serve as hosts to A .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine attachment site preferences and seasonality of common North American ticks: Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor albipictus, and Ixodes scapularis

et al. 2021

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Background Ticks are common on horses, but recent publications characterizing equine tick infestations in North America are lacking. Methods To further understand attachment site preferences of common ticks of horses, and to document the seasonality of equine tick infestation in northeastern Oklahoma, horses from eight farms were evaluated twice a month over a 1-year period. Each horse was systematically inspected beginning at the head and moving caudally to the tail. Attachment sites of ticks were recorded and all ticks collected were identified to species and stage. Results Horses (26 males and 62 females) enrolled in the study ranged in age from 1 to 23 years (mean = 12, 95% CI 11–13). A total of 2731 ticks were collected; 84.1% (74/88) of the horses were infested (median = 3 ticks) at one or more examinations. Five tick species were identified, including Amblyomma americanum (78.2%; 2136/2731), Ixodes scapularis (18.2%; 497/2731), Dermacentor albipictus brown variant (2.6%; 71/2731), Dermacentor variabilis (0.7%; 20/2731), and Amblyomma maculatum (0.3%; 7/231). Most ticks were adults (83.6%; 2282/2731), but immature A. americanum (436/2136; 20.4%), D. albipictus (12/71; 16.9%), and A. maculatum (n = 1) were occasionally recovered. Amblyomma americanum were most often attached to the inguinal area, and I. scapularis and D. albipictus were most commonly found on the chest and axillary region (P < 0.0001). Ticks were found on horses in every month of the year. The largest number of ticks (638/2731; 23.4%) were collected in May (P < 0.0001). Amblyomma americanum, primarily immature, was the only tick recovered in September, I. scapularis and D. albipictus predominated October through February, and both A. americanum and I. scapularis were common in March. In the warmer months, April through August, A. americanum was the most common tick, followed by D. variabilis and A. maculatum. Conclusions This research confirms that ticks common on horses in North America have attachment site preferences and that ticks infest horses in Oklahoma throughout the year, including during the winter. Additional research is warranted to fully understand the risk these infestations pose to equine health. Graphical abstract

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Presumptive tick paralysis in 2 American Miniature horses in the United States

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Horse anaplasmosis as a cause of CNS infections and the use of computed tomography as a diagnostic imaging tool to present of its cerebral form: literature review supplemented with a clinical case

Horse anaplasmosis as a cause of CNS infections and the use of computed tomography as a diagnostic imaging tool to present of its cerebral form: literature review supplemented with a clinical case

Establishment and range expansion of Dermacentor variabilis in the northern Maritimes of Canada: Community participatory science documents establishment of an invasive tick species

Equine attachment site preferences and seasonality of common North American ticks: Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor albipictus, and Ixodes scapularis

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