Preterm human milk composition and dietary intake of breastfeeding mothers in the Indonesian population

Abstract

Background Human milk consumption is a protective factor against infection. However, the high variability of human milk composition makes it difficult for clinicians and researchers to assess the adequacy of nutritional intake.
 Objective To identify the nutritional profiles and composition of premature human milk and dietary intake of breastfeeding mother.
 Methods Human milk specimens were collected from mothers who gave birth to very premature and/or very low birth weight infants. Infants had been admitted to the Neonatology Unit of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. The milk specimens were analyzed with a mid-infrared milk analyzerTM (MIRIS) for four weeks, and maternal dietary macronutrient intake was determined with food record questionnaires on food consumption frequency and food recall.
 Results Significant changes in nutritional composition of human milk were observed, with the fat concentration and calories increasing with time, and protein concentration decreasing with time. There were no significant differences observed in carbohydrate concentration of milk over the four weeks (P=0.447). Maternal intake of protein, carbohydrates, fat and calories was lower than the recommended values for breastfeeding women.
 Conclusion The macronutrient (protein and fat) and energy contents of human milk change weekly. Dietary intake of breastfeeding women are lower than recommended values.

Nutrient intakes of pregnant and lactating women in Indonesia and Malaysia: Systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Studies in Indonesia for protein intake in lactating women showed varied results, with most of the studies indicating a protein intake of 70% RDA. Recently, Marsubrin et al ( 54 ) showed a decline in protein intake during the 4-week of lactation (64.6–57 g; 80.8–71.3% RDA).…”

“…In Indonesia, energy intake among lactating women ranged from 1,482 to 2,556 kcal (55.9–96.5% RDA). Marsubrin et al ( 54 ) demonstrated a decreasing energy intake among lactating women through the weeks with an intake of <80% RDA.…”

“…Indonesian studies showed the range of calcium intake among pregnant women to be from 14% RDA (17% EAR) to 780% RDA (936% EAR) (43,74). Meanwhile, calcium intake among Malaysian pregnant women ranged from 45% RNI (53% EAR) to 101% RNI (122% EAR) (53,69). Five studies assessed dietary calcium intake among lactating women in both countries (four studies in Indonesia, and one study in Malaysia).…”

The Usage of Tocolytic Drugs in Pregnant Women With the Threat or Preterm Labor in PKU Muhhamadiyah Gamping Hospital Yogyakarta

“…Low birth weight infants cause significant neonatal morbidity and mortality events. Preterm labour is a major threat worldwide for mothers who are experiencing pregnancy; preterm labour can occur if the baby is born less than 32 weeks or weighs less than 1,500 grams (Marsubrin, Rohsiswatmo, & Sjarif, 2021).…”