Pretreatment methods for an effective conversion of oil palm biomass into sugars and high-value chemicals

Wild Halophytic Phragmites karka Biomass Saccharification by Bacterial Enzyme Cocktail

“…The utmost possible literature survey did not show any report describing the synergistic action of hydrolyzates of B. vallismortis , A. thermoaerophilus , and B. borstelensis. Hydrolysis of biomass into reducing sugars is necessary before other conversion methods into bio-based chemicals and biofuels can take place ( Akhlisah et al, 2021 ). Brust and Cuny (2013) reported a method of conversion of reducing sugars into imidazole heterocycles.…”

Production of levulinic acid and alkyl levulinates: a process insight

“…Although highly efficient, the chemical techniques have some process limitations related to equipment corrosion, neutralization post-treatments and ecotoxicity. 60 From a sustainability stand point, those chemical pretreatments requiring mild operating condition have a positive from a "Design for Energy Efficiency" stand point, but negative when considering the "Prevention", the "Safer Solvents and…”

Optimization of Fermentable Sugar Production from Pineapple Leaf Waste (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr) by Enzymatic Hydrolysis

“…The grinding and sieving approaches, which were applied to break the materials down to 0,1-2 mm and reduce the lignin materials' crystallinity-grinding produced a maximum size of 0,1-2,0 mm. Sieving was used to divide ground samples into fractions of different sizes (Akhlisah et al, 2021). In biomass conversion, physical pretreatment only increases surface area.…”