Pretreatment of aripiprazole and minocycline, but not haloperidol, suppresses oligodendrocyte damage from interferon-γ-stimulated microglia in co-culture model

Frontal fasciculi and psychotic symptoms in antipsychotic-naive patients with schizophrenia before and after 6 weeks of selective dopamine D2/3 receptor blockade

“…On the contrary, at follow-up FA values were generally numerically higher. In line with 2 recent longitudinal studies over 12 weeks that indicated clozapine treatment 51 and mixed antipsychotic treatment 52 improved white matter integrity, our findings support that second-generation antipsychotics may protect against myelin degradation 19,20 or even improve myelination. [53][54][55] Specifically, and consistent with previous observations of functional hyperfrontality in patients with first-episode schizophrenia, our findings could indicate that selective dopamine D2/3 blockade regulate the NMDA receptors, which in turn reduce the putatively elevated and neurotoxic levels of glutamate associated with psychosis.…”

“…17 Conversely, an increase in myelination after exposure to quetiapine and, to a lesser extent, olanzapine has been ascribed a regulatory effect on oligodendroglial development of second-generation antipsychotics. 18 Likewise, risperidone and aripiprazole may suppress microglial activation of inflammatory substances and promote neuro protection, 19,20 although this neuroprotective effect on white matter was not confirmed in a recent clinical trial. 21 Since antipsychotics differ in receptor profiles, potential brain structural effects of individual antipsychotic compounds rather than class effects should be pursued.…”

Minocycline rescues decrease in neurogenesis, increase in microglia cytokines and deficits in sensorimotor gating in an animal model of schizophrenia

“…In human patients minocycline had beneficial effects at a similar dosage as we have used in our study (Levkovitz et al, 2010). In a recent in vitro study it was shown that minocycline inhibited the production of TNF-α from IFN-γ-activated microglia (Seki et al 2013). Our data support the use of minocycline as an add on therapy in schizophrenic patients.…”

“…Consequently, anti-inflammatory drugs have been shown to ameliorate the decrease of neurogenesis caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines (for review see Kohman and Rhodes, 2013). In schizophrenic patients Miyaoka and colleagues demonstrated significant and robust clinical improvements using the tetracycline minocycline -a potent inhibitor of microglial activation (Miyaoka et al, 2008;Seki et al, 2013). Minocycline has been used successfully in some clinical trials since as an adjunctive therapy to antipsychotics for schizophrenia (for review see Dean et al, 2012).…”

Immunological Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Potential Target for Therapy

“…Aripiprazole, an antipsychotic approved by the FDA for use in ASD [14], has displayed immunological properties in in vitro experiments [195] and it limits inflammatory processes by enhancing the anti-inflammatory signaling in schizophrenia [196]. Valproic acid, a short-chain fatty acid used as a mood stabilizer and antiepileptic drug [197], may have anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidative effects [198][199][200].…”