“…Preconditioning with IL‐1β increases the expression levels of various cytokines including TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8 and IL‐23A and chemokines such as CCL5, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL10 and CXCL11, as well as adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)‐1, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)‐1 and ICAM‐4 in MSCs, thus improving the migration ability of MSCs to the site of inflammation in vivo . In addition, IL‐1β pretreatment not only increases the proliferation but also up‐regulates the chondrogenic potential of synovial MSCs; however, high concentrations of IL‐1β exert adverse effects on synovial MSCs by reducing the adhesion ability and pluripotency . TGF‐β1, which can be released from the bone matrix, induces MSC migration into the remodelling sites and couples bone formation and resorption via the canonical SMADs signalling pathway or the non‐canonical signalling pathways involving AKT, ERK1/2, FAK and p38 .…”